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statusor.h (29688B)


      1 // Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
      2 //
      3 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
      4 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
      5 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
      6 //
      7 //      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
      8 //
      9 // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
     10 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
     11 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
     12 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
     13 // limitations under the License.
     14 //
     15 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     16 // File: statusor.h
     17 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     18 //
     19 // An `absl::StatusOr<T>` represents a union of an `absl::Status` object
     20 // and an object of type `T`. The `absl::StatusOr<T>` will either contain an
     21 // object of type `T` (indicating a successful operation), or an error (of type
     22 // `absl::Status`) explaining why such a value is not present.
     23 //
     24 // In general, check the success of an operation returning an
     25 // `absl::StatusOr<T>` like you would an `absl::Status` by using the `ok()`
     26 // member function.
     27 //
     28 // Example:
     29 //
     30 //   StatusOr<Foo> result = Calculation();
     31 //   if (result.ok()) {
     32 //     result->DoSomethingCool();
     33 //   } else {
     34 //     LOG(ERROR) << result.status();
     35 //   }
     36 #ifndef ABSL_STATUS_STATUSOR_H_
     37 #define ABSL_STATUS_STATUSOR_H_
     38 
     39 #include <exception>
     40 #include <initializer_list>
     41 #include <new>
     42 #include <ostream>
     43 #include <string>
     44 #include <type_traits>
     45 #include <utility>
     46 
     47 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
     48 #include "absl/base/nullability.h"
     49 #include "absl/base/call_once.h"
     50 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
     51 #include "absl/status/internal/statusor_internal.h"
     52 #include "absl/status/status.h"
     53 #include "absl/strings/has_absl_stringify.h"
     54 #include "absl/strings/has_ostream_operator.h"
     55 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
     56 #include "absl/types/variant.h"
     57 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
     58 
     59 namespace absl {
     60 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
     61 
     62 // BadStatusOrAccess
     63 //
     64 // This class defines the type of object to throw (if exceptions are enabled),
     65 // when accessing the value of an `absl::StatusOr<T>` object that does not
     66 // contain a value. This behavior is analogous to that of
     67 // `std::bad_optional_access` in the case of accessing an invalid
     68 // `std::optional` value.
     69 //
     70 // Example:
     71 //
     72 // try {
     73 //   absl::StatusOr<int> v = FetchInt();
     74 //   DoWork(v.value());  // Accessing value() when not "OK" may throw
     75 // } catch (absl::BadStatusOrAccess& ex) {
     76 //   LOG(ERROR) << ex.status();
     77 // }
     78 class BadStatusOrAccess : public std::exception {
     79 public:
     80  explicit BadStatusOrAccess(absl::Status status);
     81  ~BadStatusOrAccess() override = default;
     82 
     83  BadStatusOrAccess(const BadStatusOrAccess& other);
     84  BadStatusOrAccess& operator=(const BadStatusOrAccess& other);
     85  BadStatusOrAccess(BadStatusOrAccess&& other);
     86  BadStatusOrAccess& operator=(BadStatusOrAccess&& other);
     87 
     88  // BadStatusOrAccess::what()
     89  //
     90  // Returns the associated explanatory string of the `absl::StatusOr<T>`
     91  // object's error code. This function contains information about the failing
     92  // status, but its exact formatting may change and should not be depended on.
     93  //
     94  // The pointer of this string is guaranteed to be valid until any non-const
     95  // function is invoked on the exception object.
     96  absl::Nonnull<const char*> what() const noexcept override;
     97 
     98  // BadStatusOrAccess::status()
     99  //
    100  // Returns the associated `absl::Status` of the `absl::StatusOr<T>` object's
    101  // error.
    102  const absl::Status& status() const;
    103 
    104 private:
    105  void InitWhat() const;
    106 
    107  absl::Status status_;
    108  mutable absl::once_flag init_what_;
    109  mutable std::string what_;
    110 };
    111 
    112 // Returned StatusOr objects may not be ignored.
    113 template <typename T>
    114 #if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
    115 // TODO(b/176172494): ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT should expand to the more strict
    116 // [[nodiscard]]. For now, just use [[nodiscard]] directly when it is available.
    117 class [[nodiscard]] StatusOr;
    118 #else
    119 class ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT StatusOr;
    120 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
    121 
    122 // absl::StatusOr<T>
    123 //
    124 // The `absl::StatusOr<T>` class template is a union of an `absl::Status` object
    125 // and an object of type `T`. The `absl::StatusOr<T>` models an object that is
    126 // either a usable object, or an error (of type `absl::Status`) explaining why
    127 // such an object is not present. An `absl::StatusOr<T>` is typically the return
    128 // value of a function which may fail.
    129 //
    130 // An `absl::StatusOr<T>` can never hold an "OK" status (an
    131 // `absl::StatusCode::kOk` value); instead, the presence of an object of type
    132 // `T` indicates success. Instead of checking for a `kOk` value, use the
    133 // `absl::StatusOr<T>::ok()` member function. (It is for this reason, and code
    134 // readability, that using the `ok()` function is preferred for `absl::Status`
    135 // as well.)
    136 //
    137 // Example:
    138 //
    139 //   StatusOr<Foo> result = DoBigCalculationThatCouldFail();
    140 //   if (result.ok()) {
    141 //     result->DoSomethingCool();
    142 //   } else {
    143 //     LOG(ERROR) << result.status();
    144 //   }
    145 //
    146 // Accessing the object held by an `absl::StatusOr<T>` should be performed via
    147 // `operator*` or `operator->`, after a call to `ok()` confirms that the
    148 // `absl::StatusOr<T>` holds an object of type `T`:
    149 //
    150 // Example:
    151 //
    152 //   absl::StatusOr<int> i = GetCount();
    153 //   if (i.ok()) {
    154 //     updated_total += *i;
    155 //   }
    156 //
    157 // NOTE: using `absl::StatusOr<T>::value()` when no valid value is present will
    158 // throw an exception if exceptions are enabled or terminate the process when
    159 // exceptions are not enabled.
    160 //
    161 // Example:
    162 //
    163 //   StatusOr<Foo> result = DoBigCalculationThatCouldFail();
    164 //   const Foo& foo = result.value();    // Crash/exception if no value present
    165 //   foo.DoSomethingCool();
    166 //
    167 // A `absl::StatusOr<T*>` can be constructed from a null pointer like any other
    168 // pointer value, and the result will be that `ok()` returns `true` and
    169 // `value()` returns `nullptr`. Checking the value of pointer in an
    170 // `absl::StatusOr<T*>` generally requires a bit more care, to ensure both that
    171 // a value is present and that value is not null:
    172 //
    173 //  StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<Foo>> result = FooFactory::MakeNewFoo(arg);
    174 //  if (!result.ok()) {
    175 //    LOG(ERROR) << result.status();
    176 //  } else if (*result == nullptr) {
    177 //    LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected null pointer";
    178 //  } else {
    179 //    (*result)->DoSomethingCool();
    180 //  }
    181 //
    182 // Example factory implementation returning StatusOr<T>:
    183 //
    184 //  StatusOr<Foo> FooFactory::MakeFoo(int arg) {
    185 //    if (arg <= 0) {
    186 //      return absl::Status(absl::StatusCode::kInvalidArgument,
    187 //                          "Arg must be positive");
    188 //    }
    189 //    return Foo(arg);
    190 //  }
    191 template <typename T>
    192 class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
    193                 private internal_statusor::CopyCtorBase<T>,
    194                 private internal_statusor::MoveCtorBase<T>,
    195                 private internal_statusor::CopyAssignBase<T>,
    196                 private internal_statusor::MoveAssignBase<T> {
    197  template <typename U>
    198  friend class StatusOr;
    199 
    200  typedef internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T> Base;
    201 
    202 public:
    203  // StatusOr<T>::value_type
    204  //
    205  // This instance data provides a generic `value_type` member for use within
    206  // generic programming. This usage is analogous to that of
    207  // `optional::value_type` in the case of `std::optional`.
    208  typedef T value_type;
    209 
    210  // Constructors
    211 
    212  // Constructs a new `absl::StatusOr` with an `absl::StatusCode::kUnknown`
    213  // status. This constructor is marked 'explicit' to prevent usages in return
    214  // values such as 'return {};', under the misconception that
    215  // `absl::StatusOr<std::vector<int>>` will be initialized with an empty
    216  // vector, instead of an `absl::StatusCode::kUnknown` error code.
    217  explicit StatusOr();
    218 
    219  // `StatusOr<T>` is copy constructible if `T` is copy constructible.
    220  StatusOr(const StatusOr&) = default;
    221  // `StatusOr<T>` is copy assignable if `T` is copy constructible and copy
    222  // assignable.
    223  StatusOr& operator=(const StatusOr&) = default;
    224 
    225  // `StatusOr<T>` is move constructible if `T` is move constructible.
    226  StatusOr(StatusOr&&) = default;
    227  // `StatusOr<T>` is moveAssignable if `T` is move constructible and move
    228  // assignable.
    229  StatusOr& operator=(StatusOr&&) = default;
    230 
    231  // Converting Constructors
    232 
    233  // Constructs a new `absl::StatusOr<T>` from an `absl::StatusOr<U>`, when `T`
    234  // is constructible from `U`. To avoid ambiguity, these constructors are
    235  // disabled if `T` is also constructible from `StatusOr<U>.`. This constructor
    236  // is explicit if and only if the corresponding construction of `T` from `U`
    237  // is explicit. (This constructor inherits its explicitness from the
    238  // underlying constructor.)
    239  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    240                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    241                                false, T, U, false, const U&>::value,
    242                            int> = 0>
    243  StatusOr(const StatusOr<U>& other)  // NOLINT
    244      : Base(static_cast<const typename StatusOr<U>::Base&>(other)) {}
    245  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    246                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    247                                false, T, U, true, const U&>::value,
    248                            int> = 0>
    249  StatusOr(const StatusOr<U>& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)  // NOLINT
    250      : Base(static_cast<const typename StatusOr<U>::Base&>(other)) {}
    251  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    252                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    253                                true, T, U, false, const U&>::value,
    254                            int> = 0>
    255  explicit StatusOr(const StatusOr<U>& other)
    256      : Base(static_cast<const typename StatusOr<U>::Base&>(other)) {}
    257  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    258                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    259                                true, T, U, true, const U&>::value,
    260                            int> = 0>
    261  explicit StatusOr(const StatusOr<U>& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
    262      : Base(static_cast<const typename StatusOr<U>::Base&>(other)) {}
    263 
    264  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    265                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    266                                false, T, U, false, U&&>::value,
    267                            int> = 0>
    268  StatusOr(StatusOr<U>&& other)  // NOLINT
    269      : Base(static_cast<typename StatusOr<U>::Base&&>(other)) {}
    270  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    271                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    272                                false, T, U, true, U&&>::value,
    273                            int> = 0>
    274  StatusOr(StatusOr<U>&& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)  // NOLINT
    275      : Base(static_cast<typename StatusOr<U>::Base&&>(other)) {}
    276  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    277                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    278                                true, T, U, false, U&&>::value,
    279                            int> = 0>
    280  explicit StatusOr(StatusOr<U>&& other)
    281      : Base(static_cast<typename StatusOr<U>::Base&&>(other)) {}
    282  template <typename U, absl::enable_if_t<
    283                            internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusOrValid<
    284                                true, T, U, true, U&&>::value,
    285                            int> = 0>
    286  explicit StatusOr(StatusOr<U>&& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
    287      : Base(static_cast<typename StatusOr<U>::Base&&>(other)) {}
    288 
    289  // Converting Assignment Operators
    290 
    291  // Creates an `absl::StatusOr<T>` through assignment from an
    292  // `absl::StatusOr<U>` when:
    293  //
    294  //   * Both `absl::StatusOr<T>` and `absl::StatusOr<U>` are OK by assigning
    295  //     `U` to `T` directly.
    296  //   * `absl::StatusOr<T>` is OK and `absl::StatusOr<U>` contains an error
    297  //      code by destroying `absl::StatusOr<T>`'s value and assigning from
    298  //      `absl::StatusOr<U>'
    299  //   * `absl::StatusOr<T>` contains an error code and `absl::StatusOr<U>` is
    300  //      OK by directly initializing `T` from `U`.
    301  //   * Both `absl::StatusOr<T>` and `absl::StatusOr<U>` contain an error
    302  //     code by assigning the `Status` in `absl::StatusOr<U>` to
    303  //     `absl::StatusOr<T>`
    304  //
    305  // These overloads only apply if `absl::StatusOr<T>` is constructible and
    306  // assignable from `absl::StatusOr<U>` and `StatusOr<T>` cannot be directly
    307  // assigned from `StatusOr<U>`.
    308  template <typename U,
    309            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsStatusOrAssignmentValid<
    310                                  T, const U&, false>::value,
    311                              int> = 0>
    312  StatusOr& operator=(const StatusOr<U>& other) {
    313    this->Assign(other);
    314    return *this;
    315  }
    316  template <typename U,
    317            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsStatusOrAssignmentValid<
    318                                  T, const U&, true>::value,
    319                              int> = 0>
    320  StatusOr& operator=(const StatusOr<U>& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) {
    321    this->Assign(other);
    322    return *this;
    323  }
    324  template <typename U,
    325            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsStatusOrAssignmentValid<
    326                                  T, U&&, false>::value,
    327                              int> = 0>
    328  StatusOr& operator=(StatusOr<U>&& other) {
    329    this->Assign(std::move(other));
    330    return *this;
    331  }
    332  template <typename U,
    333            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsStatusOrAssignmentValid<
    334                                  T, U&&, true>::value,
    335                              int> = 0>
    336  StatusOr& operator=(StatusOr<U>&& other ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) {
    337    this->Assign(std::move(other));
    338    return *this;
    339  }
    340 
    341  // Constructs a new `absl::StatusOr<T>` with a non-ok status. After calling
    342  // this constructor, `this->ok()` will be `false` and calls to `value()` will
    343  // crash, or produce an exception if exceptions are enabled.
    344  //
    345  // The constructor also takes any type `U` that is convertible to
    346  // `absl::Status`. This constructor is explicit if an only if `U` is not of
    347  // type `absl::Status` and the conversion from `U` to `Status` is explicit.
    348  //
    349  // REQUIRES: !Status(std::forward<U>(v)).ok(). This requirement is DCHECKed.
    350  // In optimized builds, passing absl::OkStatus() here will have the effect
    351  // of passing absl::StatusCode::kInternal as a fallback.
    352  template <typename U = absl::Status,
    353            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusValid<
    354                                  false, T, U>::value,
    355                              int> = 0>
    356  StatusOr(U&& v) : Base(std::forward<U>(v)) {}
    357 
    358  template <typename U = absl::Status,
    359            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusValid<
    360                                  true, T, U>::value,
    361                              int> = 0>
    362  explicit StatusOr(U&& v) : Base(std::forward<U>(v)) {}
    363  template <typename U = absl::Status,
    364            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionFromStatusValid<
    365                                  false, T, U>::value,
    366                              int> = 0>
    367  StatusOr& operator=(U&& v) {
    368    this->AssignStatus(std::forward<U>(v));
    369    return *this;
    370  }
    371 
    372  // Perfect-forwarding value assignment operator.
    373 
    374  // If `*this` contains a `T` value before the call, the contained value is
    375  // assigned from `std::forward<U>(v)`; Otherwise, it is directly-initialized
    376  // from `std::forward<U>(v)`.
    377  // This function does not participate in overload unless:
    378  // 1. `std::is_constructible_v<T, U>` is true,
    379  // 2. `std::is_assignable_v<T&, U>` is true.
    380  // 3. `std::is_same_v<StatusOr<T>, std::remove_cvref_t<U>>` is false.
    381  // 4. Assigning `U` to `T` is not ambiguous:
    382  //  If `U` is `StatusOr<V>` and `T` is constructible and assignable from
    383  //  both `StatusOr<V>` and `V`, the assignment is considered bug-prone and
    384  //  ambiguous thus will fail to compile. For example:
    385  //    StatusOr<bool> s1 = true;  // s1.ok() && *s1 == true
    386  //    StatusOr<bool> s2 = false;  // s2.ok() && *s2 == false
    387  //    s1 = s2;  // ambiguous, `s1 = *s2` or `s1 = bool(s2)`?
    388  template <typename U = T,
    389            typename std::enable_if<
    390                internal_statusor::IsAssignmentValid<T, U, false>::value,
    391                int>::type = 0>
    392  StatusOr& operator=(U&& v) {
    393    this->Assign(std::forward<U>(v));
    394    return *this;
    395  }
    396  template <typename U = T,
    397            typename std::enable_if<
    398                internal_statusor::IsAssignmentValid<T, U, true>::value,
    399                int>::type = 0>
    400  StatusOr& operator=(U&& v ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) {
    401    this->Assign(std::forward<U>(v));
    402    return *this;
    403  }
    404 
    405  // Constructs the inner value `T` in-place using the provided args, using the
    406  // `T(args...)` constructor.
    407  template <typename... Args>
    408  explicit StatusOr(absl::in_place_t, Args&&... args);
    409  template <typename U, typename... Args>
    410  explicit StatusOr(absl::in_place_t, std::initializer_list<U> ilist,
    411                    Args&&... args);
    412 
    413  // Constructs the inner value `T` in-place using the provided args, using the
    414  // `T(U)` (direct-initialization) constructor. This constructor is only valid
    415  // if `T` can be constructed from a `U`. Can accept move or copy constructors.
    416  //
    417  // This constructor is explicit if `U` is not convertible to `T`. To avoid
    418  // ambiguity, this constructor is disabled if `U` is a `StatusOr<J>`, where
    419  // `J` is convertible to `T`.
    420  template <typename U = T,
    421            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionValid<
    422                                  false, T, U, false>::value,
    423                              int> = 0>
    424  StatusOr(U&& u)  // NOLINT
    425      : StatusOr(absl::in_place, std::forward<U>(u)) {}
    426  template <typename U = T,
    427            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionValid<
    428                                  false, T, U, true>::value,
    429                              int> = 0>
    430  StatusOr(U&& u ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)  // NOLINT
    431      : StatusOr(absl::in_place, std::forward<U>(u)) {}
    432 
    433  template <typename U = T,
    434            absl::enable_if_t<internal_statusor::IsConstructionValid<
    435                                  true, T, U, false>::value,
    436                              int> = 0>
    437  explicit StatusOr(U&& u)  // NOLINT
    438      : StatusOr(absl::in_place, std::forward<U>(u)) {}
    439  template <typename U = T,
    440            absl::enable_if_t<
    441                internal_statusor::IsConstructionValid<true, T, U, true>::value,
    442                int> = 0>
    443  explicit StatusOr(U&& u ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)  // NOLINT
    444      : StatusOr(absl::in_place, std::forward<U>(u)) {}
    445 
    446  // StatusOr<T>::ok()
    447  //
    448  // Returns whether or not this `absl::StatusOr<T>` holds a `T` value. This
    449  // member function is analogous to `absl::Status::ok()` and should be used
    450  // similarly to check the status of return values.
    451  //
    452  // Example:
    453  //
    454  // StatusOr<Foo> result = DoBigCalculationThatCouldFail();
    455  // if (result.ok()) {
    456  //    // Handle result
    457  // else {
    458  //    // Handle error
    459  // }
    460  ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT bool ok() const { return this->status_.ok(); }
    461 
    462  // StatusOr<T>::status()
    463  //
    464  // Returns a reference to the current `absl::Status` contained within the
    465  // `absl::StatusOr<T>`. If `absl::StatusOr<T>` contains a `T`, then this
    466  // function returns `absl::OkStatus()`.
    467  ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT const Status& status() const&;
    468  Status status() &&;
    469 
    470  // StatusOr<T>::value()
    471  //
    472  // Returns a reference to the held value if `this->ok()`. Otherwise, throws
    473  // `absl::BadStatusOrAccess` if exceptions are enabled, or is guaranteed to
    474  // terminate the process if exceptions are disabled.
    475  //
    476  // If you have already checked the status using `this->ok()`, you probably
    477  // want to use `operator*()` or `operator->()` to access the value instead of
    478  // `value`.
    479  //
    480  // Note: for value types that are cheap to copy, prefer simple code:
    481  //
    482  //   T value = statusor.value();
    483  //
    484  // Otherwise, if the value type is expensive to copy, but can be left
    485  // in the StatusOr, simply assign to a reference:
    486  //
    487  //   T& value = statusor.value();  // or `const T&`
    488  //
    489  // Otherwise, if the value type supports an efficient move, it can be
    490  // used as follows:
    491  //
    492  //   T value = std::move(statusor).value();
    493  //
    494  // The `std::move` on statusor instead of on the whole expression enables
    495  // warnings about possible uses of the statusor object after the move.
    496  const T& value() const& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    497  T& value() & ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    498  const T&& value() const&& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    499  T&& value() && ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    500 
    501  // StatusOr<T>:: operator*()
    502  //
    503  // Returns a reference to the current value.
    504  //
    505  // REQUIRES: `this->ok() == true`, otherwise the behavior is undefined.
    506  //
    507  // Use `this->ok()` to verify that there is a current value within the
    508  // `absl::StatusOr<T>`. Alternatively, see the `value()` member function for a
    509  // similar API that guarantees crashing or throwing an exception if there is
    510  // no current value.
    511  const T& operator*() const& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    512  T& operator*() & ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    513  const T&& operator*() const&& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    514  T&& operator*() && ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    515 
    516  // StatusOr<T>::operator->()
    517  //
    518  // Returns a pointer to the current value.
    519  //
    520  // REQUIRES: `this->ok() == true`, otherwise the behavior is undefined.
    521  //
    522  // Use `this->ok()` to verify that there is a current value.
    523  const T* operator->() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    524  T* operator->() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND;
    525 
    526  // StatusOr<T>::value_or()
    527  //
    528  // Returns the current value if `this->ok() == true`. Otherwise constructs a
    529  // value using the provided `default_value`.
    530  //
    531  // Unlike `value`, this function returns by value, copying the current value
    532  // if necessary. If the value type supports an efficient move, it can be used
    533  // as follows:
    534  //
    535  //   T value = std::move(statusor).value_or(def);
    536  //
    537  // Unlike with `value`, calling `std::move()` on the result of `value_or` will
    538  // still trigger a copy.
    539  template <typename U>
    540  T value_or(U&& default_value) const&;
    541  template <typename U>
    542  T value_or(U&& default_value) &&;
    543 
    544  // StatusOr<T>::IgnoreError()
    545  //
    546  // Ignores any errors. This method does nothing except potentially suppress
    547  // complaints from any tools that are checking that errors are not dropped on
    548  // the floor.
    549  void IgnoreError() const;
    550 
    551  // StatusOr<T>::emplace()
    552  //
    553  // Reconstructs the inner value T in-place using the provided args, using the
    554  // T(args...) constructor. Returns reference to the reconstructed `T`.
    555  template <typename... Args>
    556  T& emplace(Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
    557    if (ok()) {
    558      this->Clear();
    559      this->MakeValue(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    560    } else {
    561      this->MakeValue(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    562      this->status_ = absl::OkStatus();
    563    }
    564    return this->data_;
    565  }
    566 
    567  template <
    568      typename U, typename... Args,
    569      absl::enable_if_t<
    570          std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>&, Args&&...>::value,
    571          int> = 0>
    572  T& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> ilist,
    573             Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
    574    if (ok()) {
    575      this->Clear();
    576      this->MakeValue(ilist, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    577    } else {
    578      this->MakeValue(ilist, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    579      this->status_ = absl::OkStatus();
    580    }
    581    return this->data_;
    582  }
    583 
    584  // StatusOr<T>::AssignStatus()
    585  //
    586  // Sets the status of `absl::StatusOr<T>` to the given non-ok status value.
    587  //
    588  // NOTE: We recommend using the constructor and `operator=` where possible.
    589  // This method is intended for use in generic programming, to enable setting
    590  // the status of a `StatusOr<T>` when `T` may be `Status`. In that case, the
    591  // constructor and `operator=` would assign into the inner value of type
    592  // `Status`, rather than status of the `StatusOr` (b/280392796).
    593  //
    594  // REQUIRES: !Status(std::forward<U>(v)).ok(). This requirement is DCHECKed.
    595  // In optimized builds, passing absl::OkStatus() here will have the effect
    596  // of passing absl::StatusCode::kInternal as a fallback.
    597  using internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>::AssignStatus;
    598 
    599 private:
    600  using internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>::Assign;
    601  template <typename U>
    602  void Assign(const absl::StatusOr<U>& other);
    603  template <typename U>
    604  void Assign(absl::StatusOr<U>&& other);
    605 };
    606 
    607 // operator==()
    608 //
    609 // This operator checks the equality of two `absl::StatusOr<T>` objects.
    610 template <typename T>
    611 bool operator==(const StatusOr<T>& lhs, const StatusOr<T>& rhs) {
    612  if (lhs.ok() && rhs.ok()) return *lhs == *rhs;
    613  return lhs.status() == rhs.status();
    614 }
    615 
    616 // operator!=()
    617 //
    618 // This operator checks the inequality of two `absl::StatusOr<T>` objects.
    619 template <typename T>
    620 bool operator!=(const StatusOr<T>& lhs, const StatusOr<T>& rhs) {
    621  return !(lhs == rhs);
    622 }
    623 
    624 // Prints the `value` or the status in brackets to `os`.
    625 //
    626 // Requires `T` supports `operator<<`.  Do not rely on the output format which
    627 // may change without notice.
    628 template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<
    629                          absl::HasOstreamOperator<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
    630 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StatusOr<T>& status_or) {
    631  if (status_or.ok()) {
    632    os << status_or.value();
    633  } else {
    634    os << internal_statusor::StringifyRandom::OpenBrackets()
    635       << status_or.status()
    636       << internal_statusor::StringifyRandom::CloseBrackets();
    637  }
    638  return os;
    639 }
    640 
    641 // As above, but supports `StrCat`, `StrFormat`, etc.
    642 //
    643 // Requires `T` has `AbslStringify`.  Do not rely on the output format which
    644 // may change without notice.
    645 template <
    646    typename Sink, typename T,
    647    typename std::enable_if<absl::HasAbslStringify<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
    648 void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const StatusOr<T>& status_or) {
    649  if (status_or.ok()) {
    650    absl::Format(&sink, "%v", status_or.value());
    651  } else {
    652    absl::Format(&sink, "%s%v%s",
    653                 internal_statusor::StringifyRandom::OpenBrackets(),
    654                 status_or.status(),
    655                 internal_statusor::StringifyRandom::CloseBrackets());
    656  }
    657 }
    658 
    659 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    660 // Implementation details for StatusOr<T>
    661 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    662 
    663 // TODO(sbenza): avoid the string here completely.
    664 template <typename T>
    665 StatusOr<T>::StatusOr() : Base(Status(absl::StatusCode::kUnknown, "")) {}
    666 
    667 template <typename T>
    668 template <typename U>
    669 inline void StatusOr<T>::Assign(const StatusOr<U>& other) {
    670  if (other.ok()) {
    671    this->Assign(*other);
    672  } else {
    673    this->AssignStatus(other.status());
    674  }
    675 }
    676 
    677 template <typename T>
    678 template <typename U>
    679 inline void StatusOr<T>::Assign(StatusOr<U>&& other) {
    680  if (other.ok()) {
    681    this->Assign(*std::move(other));
    682  } else {
    683    this->AssignStatus(std::move(other).status());
    684  }
    685 }
    686 template <typename T>
    687 template <typename... Args>
    688 StatusOr<T>::StatusOr(absl::in_place_t, Args&&... args)
    689    : Base(absl::in_place, std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
    690 
    691 template <typename T>
    692 template <typename U, typename... Args>
    693 StatusOr<T>::StatusOr(absl::in_place_t, std::initializer_list<U> ilist,
    694                      Args&&... args)
    695    : Base(absl::in_place, ilist, std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
    696 
    697 template <typename T>
    698 const Status& StatusOr<T>::status() const& {
    699  return this->status_;
    700 }
    701 template <typename T>
    702 Status StatusOr<T>::status() && {
    703  return ok() ? OkStatus() : std::move(this->status_);
    704 }
    705 
    706 template <typename T>
    707 const T& StatusOr<T>::value() const& {
    708  if (!this->ok()) internal_statusor::ThrowBadStatusOrAccess(this->status_);
    709  return this->data_;
    710 }
    711 
    712 template <typename T>
    713 T& StatusOr<T>::value() & {
    714  if (!this->ok()) internal_statusor::ThrowBadStatusOrAccess(this->status_);
    715  return this->data_;
    716 }
    717 
    718 template <typename T>
    719 const T&& StatusOr<T>::value() const&& {
    720  if (!this->ok()) {
    721    internal_statusor::ThrowBadStatusOrAccess(std::move(this->status_));
    722  }
    723  return std::move(this->data_);
    724 }
    725 
    726 template <typename T>
    727 T&& StatusOr<T>::value() && {
    728  if (!this->ok()) {
    729    internal_statusor::ThrowBadStatusOrAccess(std::move(this->status_));
    730  }
    731  return std::move(this->data_);
    732 }
    733 
    734 template <typename T>
    735 const T& StatusOr<T>::operator*() const& {
    736  this->EnsureOk();
    737  return this->data_;
    738 }
    739 
    740 template <typename T>
    741 T& StatusOr<T>::operator*() & {
    742  this->EnsureOk();
    743  return this->data_;
    744 }
    745 
    746 template <typename T>
    747 const T&& StatusOr<T>::operator*() const&& {
    748  this->EnsureOk();
    749  return std::move(this->data_);
    750 }
    751 
    752 template <typename T>
    753 T&& StatusOr<T>::operator*() && {
    754  this->EnsureOk();
    755  return std::move(this->data_);
    756 }
    757 
    758 template <typename T>
    759 absl::Nonnull<const T*> StatusOr<T>::operator->() const {
    760  this->EnsureOk();
    761  return &this->data_;
    762 }
    763 
    764 template <typename T>
    765 absl::Nonnull<T*> StatusOr<T>::operator->() {
    766  this->EnsureOk();
    767  return &this->data_;
    768 }
    769 
    770 template <typename T>
    771 template <typename U>
    772 T StatusOr<T>::value_or(U&& default_value) const& {
    773  if (ok()) {
    774    return this->data_;
    775  }
    776  return std::forward<U>(default_value);
    777 }
    778 
    779 template <typename T>
    780 template <typename U>
    781 T StatusOr<T>::value_or(U&& default_value) && {
    782  if (ok()) {
    783    return std::move(this->data_);
    784  }
    785  return std::forward<U>(default_value);
    786 }
    787 
    788 template <typename T>
    789 void StatusOr<T>::IgnoreError() const {
    790  // no-op
    791 }
    792 
    793 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
    794 }  // namespace absl
    795 
    796 #endif  // ABSL_STATUS_STATUSOR_H_