neovim

option.c (196442B)

---

// User-settable options. Checklist for adding a new option:
// - Put it in options.lua
// - For a global option: Add a variable for it in option_vars.h.
// - For a buffer or window local option:
//   - Add a variable to the window or buffer struct in buffer_defs.h.
//   - For a window option, add some code to copy_winopt().
//   - For a window string option, add code to check_winopt()
//     and clear_winopt(). If setting the option needs parsing,
//     add some code to didset_window_options().
//   - For a buffer option, add some code to buf_copy_options().
//   - For a buffer string option, add code to check_buf_options().
// - If it's a numeric option, add any necessary bounds checks to check_num_option_bounds().
// - If it's a list of flags, add some code in do_set(), search for WW_ALL.
// - Add documentation! "desc" in options.lua, and any other related places.
// - Add an entry in runtime/scripts/optwin.lua.

#define IN_OPTION_C
#include <assert.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <uv.h>

#include "auto/config.h"
#include "klib/kvec.h"
#include "nvim/api/extmark.h"
#include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
#include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
#include "nvim/api/private/validate.h"
#include "nvim/ascii_defs.h"
#include "nvim/assert_defs.h"
#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
#include "nvim/autocmd_defs.h"
#include "nvim/buffer.h"
#include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
#include "nvim/change.h"
#include "nvim/charset.h"
#include "nvim/cmdexpand.h"
#include "nvim/cmdexpand_defs.h"
#include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
#include "nvim/decoration_defs.h"
#include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
#include "nvim/diff.h"
#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
#include "nvim/errors.h"
#include "nvim/eval.h"
#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
#include "nvim/eval/typval_defs.h"
#include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
#include "nvim/eval/window.h"
#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
#include "nvim/ex_session.h"
#include "nvim/fold.h"
#include "nvim/fuzzy.h"
#include "nvim/garray.h"
#include "nvim/garray_defs.h"
#include "nvim/gettext_defs.h"
#include "nvim/globals.h"
#include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
#include "nvim/highlight.h"
#include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
#include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
#include "nvim/indent.h"
#include "nvim/indent_c.h"
#include "nvim/insexpand.h"
#include "nvim/keycodes.h"
#include "nvim/log.h"
#include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
#include "nvim/macros_defs.h"
#include "nvim/mapping.h"
#include "nvim/math.h"
#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
#include "nvim/memfile.h"
#include "nvim/memline.h"
#include "nvim/memory.h"
#include "nvim/memory_defs.h"
#include "nvim/message.h"
#include "nvim/mouse.h"
#include "nvim/move.h"
#include "nvim/normal.h"
#include "nvim/ops.h"
#include "nvim/option.h"
#include "nvim/option_defs.h"
#include "nvim/option_vars.h"
#include "nvim/optionstr.h"
#include "nvim/os/input.h"
#include "nvim/os/lang.h"
#include "nvim/os/os.h"
#include "nvim/os/os_defs.h"
#include "nvim/path.h"
#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
#include "nvim/pos_defs.h"
#include "nvim/regexp.h"
#include "nvim/regexp_defs.h"
#include "nvim/runtime.h"
#include "nvim/spell.h"
#include "nvim/spellfile.h"
#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
#include "nvim/state_defs.h"
#include "nvim/strings.h"
#include "nvim/tag.h"
#include "nvim/terminal.h"
#include "nvim/types_defs.h"
#include "nvim/ui.h"
#include "nvim/undo.h"
#include "nvim/undo_defs.h"
#include "nvim/vim_defs.h"
#include "nvim/window.h"
#include "nvim/winfloat.h"

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
# include "nvim/arglist.h"
#endif

static const char e_unknown_option[]
 = N_("E518: Unknown option");
static const char e_not_allowed_in_modeline[]
 = N_("E520: Not allowed in a modeline");
static const char e_not_allowed_in_modeline_when_modelineexpr_is_off[]
 = N_("E992: Not allowed in a modeline when 'modelineexpr' is off");
static const char e_number_required_after_equal[]
 = N_("E521: Number required after =");
static const char e_preview_window_already_exists[]
 = N_("E590: A preview window already exists");
static const char e_cannot_have_negative_or_zero_number_of_quickfix[]
 = N_("E1542: Cannot have a negative or zero number of quickfix/location lists");
static const char e_cannot_have_more_than_hundred_quickfix[]
 = N_("E1543: Cannot have more than a hundred quickfix/location lists");

static char *p_term = NULL;
static char *p_ttytype = NULL;

// Saved values for when 'bin' is set.
static int p_et_nobin;
static int p_ml_nobin;
static OptInt p_tw_nobin;
static OptInt p_wm_nobin;

// Saved values for when 'paste' is set.
static int p_ai_nopaste;
static int p_et_nopaste;
static OptInt p_sts_nopaste;
static OptInt p_tw_nopaste;
static OptInt p_wm_nopaste;
static char *p_vsts_nopaste;

#define OPTION_COUNT ARRAY_SIZE(options)

/// :set boolean option prefix
typedef enum {
 PREFIX_NO = 0,  ///< "no" prefix
 PREFIX_NONE,    ///< no prefix
 PREFIX_INV,     ///< "inv" prefix
} set_prefix_T;

#include "option.c.generated.h"

// options[] is initialized in options.generated.h.
// The options with a NULL variable are 'hidden': a set command for them is
// ignored and they are not printed.

#include "options.generated.h"
#include "options_map.generated.h"

static int p_bin_dep_opts[] = {
 kOptTextwidth, kOptWrapmargin, kOptModeline, kOptExpandtab, kOptInvalid
};

static int p_paste_dep_opts[] = {
 kOptAutoindent, kOptExpandtab, kOptRuler, kOptShowmatch, kOptSmarttab, kOptSofttabstop,
 kOptTextwidth, kOptWrapmargin, kOptRevins, kOptVarsofttabstop, kOptInvalid
};

void set_init_tablocal(void)
{
 // susy baka: cmdheight calls itself OPT_GLOBAL but is really tablocal!
 p_ch = options[kOptCmdheight].def_val.data.number;
}

/// Initialize the 'shell' option to a default value.
static void set_init_default_shell(void)
{
 // Find default value for 'shell' option.
 // Don't use it if it is empty.
 char *shell = os_getenv("SHELL");
 if (shell != NULL) {
   if (vim_strchr(shell, ' ') != NULL) {
     const size_t len = strlen(shell) + 3;  // two quotes and a trailing NUL
     char *const cmd = xmalloc(len);
     snprintf(cmd, len, "\"%s\"", shell);
     set_string_default(kOptShell, cmd, true);
   } else {
     set_string_default(kOptShell, shell, false);
   }
   xfree(shell);
 }
}

/// Set the default for 'backupskip' to include environment variables for
/// temp files.
static void set_init_default_backupskip(void)
{
#ifdef UNIX
 static char *(names[4]) = { "", "TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP" };
#else
 static char *(names[3]) = { "TMPDIR", "TEMP", "TMP" };
#endif
 garray_T ga;
 OptIndex opt_idx = kOptBackupskip;

 ga_init(&ga, 1, 100);
 for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(names); i++) {
   bool mustfree = true;
   char *p;
   size_t plen;
#ifdef UNIX
   if (*names[i] == NUL) {
# ifdef __APPLE__
     p = "/private/tmp";
     plen = STRLEN_LITERAL("/private/tmp");
# else
     p = "/tmp";
     plen = STRLEN_LITERAL("/tmp");
# endif
     mustfree = false;
   } else
#endif
   {
     p = vim_getenv(names[i]);
     plen = 0;  // will be calculated below
   }
   if (p != NULL && *p != NUL) {
     bool has_trailing_path_sep = false;

     if (plen == 0) {
       // the value was retrieved from the environment
       plen = strlen(p);
       // does the value include a trailing path separator?
       if (after_pathsep(p, p + plen)) {
         has_trailing_path_sep = true;
       }
     }

     // item size needs to be large enough to include "/*" and a trailing NUL
     // note: the value (and therefore plen) may already include a path separator
     size_t itemsize = plen + (has_trailing_path_sep ? 0 : 1) + 2;
     char *item = xmalloc(itemsize);
     // add a preceding comma as a separator after the first item
     size_t itemseplen = (ga.ga_len == 0) ? 0 : 1;

     size_t itemlen = (size_t)vim_snprintf(item, itemsize, "%s%s*", p,
                                           has_trailing_path_sep ? "" : PATHSEPSTR);

     if (find_dup_item(ga.ga_data, item, itemlen, options[opt_idx].flags) == NULL) {
       ga_grow(&ga, (int)(itemseplen + itemlen + 1));
       ga.ga_len += vim_snprintf((char *)ga.ga_data + ga.ga_len,
                                 itemseplen + itemlen + 1,
                                 "%s%s", (itemseplen > 0) ? "," : "", item);
     }
     xfree(item);
   }
   if (mustfree) {
     xfree(p);
   }
 }
 if (ga.ga_data != NULL) {
   set_string_default(kOptBackupskip, ga.ga_data, true);
 }
}

/// Initialize the 'cdpath' option to a default value.
static void set_init_default_cdpath(void)
{
 char *cdpath = vim_getenv("CDPATH");
 if (cdpath == NULL) {
   return;
 }

 char *buf = xmalloc(2 * strlen(cdpath) + 2);
 buf[0] = ',';               // start with ",", current dir first
 int j = 1;
 for (int i = 0; cdpath[i] != NUL; i++) {
   if (vim_ispathlistsep(cdpath[i])) {
     buf[j++] = ',';
   } else {
     if (cdpath[i] == ' ' || cdpath[i] == ',') {
       buf[j++] = '\\';
     }
     buf[j++] = cdpath[i];
   }
 }
 buf[j] = NUL;
 change_option_default(kOptCdpath, CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(buf));

 xfree(cdpath);
}

/// Expand environment variables and things like "~" for the defaults.
/// If option_expand() returns non-NULL the variable is expanded.  This can
/// only happen for non-indirect options.
/// Also set the default to the expanded value, so ":set" does not list
/// them.
static void set_init_expand_env(void)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
   if (opt->flags & kOptFlagNoDefExp) {
     continue;
   }
   char *p;
   if ((opt->flags & kOptFlagGettext) && opt->var != NULL) {
     p = _(*(char **)opt->var);
   } else {
     p = option_expand(opt_idx, NULL);
   }
   if (p != NULL) {
     set_option_varp(opt_idx, opt->var, CSTR_TO_OPTVAL(p), true);
     change_option_default(opt_idx, CSTR_TO_OPTVAL(p));
   }
 }
}

/// Initialize the encoding used for "default" in 'fileencodings'.
static void set_init_fenc_default(void)
{
 // enc_locale() will try to find the encoding of the current locale.
 // This will be used when "default" is used as encoding specifier
 // in 'fileencodings'.
 char *p = enc_locale();
 if (p == NULL) {
   // Use utf-8 as "default" if locale encoding can't be detected.
   p = xmemdupz(S_LEN("utf-8"));
 }
 fenc_default = p;
}

/// Initialize the options, first part.
///
/// Called only once from main(), just after creating the first buffer.
/// If "clean_arg" is true, Nvim was started with --clean.
///
/// NOTE: ELOG() etc calls are not allowed here, as log location depends on
/// env var expansion which depends on expression evaluation and other
/// editor state initialized here. Do logging in set_init_2 or later.
void set_init_1(bool clean_arg)
{
 langmap_init();

 // Allocate the default option values.
 alloc_options_default();

 set_init_default_shell();
 set_init_default_backupskip();
 set_init_default_cdpath();

 char *backupdir = stdpaths_user_state_subpath("backup", 2, true);
 const size_t backupdir_len = strlen(backupdir);
 backupdir = xrealloc(backupdir, backupdir_len + 3);
 memmove(backupdir + 2, backupdir, backupdir_len + 1);
 memmove(backupdir, ".,", 2);
 set_string_default(kOptBackupdir, backupdir, true);
 set_string_default(kOptViewdir, stdpaths_user_state_subpath("view", 2, true),
                    true);
 set_string_default(kOptDirectory, stdpaths_user_state_subpath("swap", 2, true),
                    true);
 set_string_default(kOptUndodir, stdpaths_user_state_subpath("undo", 2, true),
                    true);
 // Set default for &runtimepath. All necessary expansions are performed in
 // this function.
 char *rtp = runtimepath_default(clean_arg);
 if (rtp) {
   set_string_default(kOptRuntimepath, rtp, true);
   // Make a copy of 'rtp' for 'packpath'
   set_string_default(kOptPackpath, rtp, false);
   rtp = NULL;  // ownership taken
 }

 // Set all the options (except the terminal options) to their default
 // value.  Also set the global value for local options.
 set_options_default(0);

 curbuf->b_p_initialized = true;
 curbuf->b_p_ac = -1;
 curbuf->b_p_ar = -1;          // no local 'autoread' value
 curbuf->b_p_fs = -1;          // no local 'fsync' value
 curbuf->b_p_ul = NO_LOCAL_UNDOLEVEL;
 check_buf_options(curbuf);
 check_win_options(curwin);
 check_options();

 // set 'laststatus'
 last_status(false);

 // Must be before option_expand(), because that one needs vim_isIDc()
 didset_options();

 // Use the current chartab for the generic chartab. This is not in
 // didset_options() because it only depends on 'encoding'.
 init_spell_chartab();

 // Expand environment variables and things like "~" for the defaults.
 set_init_expand_env();

 save_file_ff(curbuf);         // Buffer is unchanged

 // Detect use of mlterm.
 // Mlterm is a terminal emulator akin to xterm that has some special
 // abilities (bidi namely).
 // NOTE: mlterm's author is being asked to 'set' a variable
 //       instead of an environment variable due to inheritance.
 if (os_env_exists("MLTERM", false)) {
   set_option_value_give_err(kOptTermbidi, BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(true), 0);
 }

 didset_options2();

 lang_init();
 set_init_fenc_default();

#ifdef HAVE_WORKING_LIBINTL
 // GNU gettext 0.10.37 supports this feature: set the codeset used for
 // translated messages independently from the current locale.
 (void)bind_textdomain_codeset(PROJECT_NAME, p_enc);
#endif

 // Set the default for 'helplang'.
 set_helplang_default(get_mess_lang());
}

/// Get default value for option, based on the option's type and scope.
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
///
/// @return Default value of option for the scope specified in opt_flags.
OptVal get_option_default(const OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags)
{
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 bool is_global_local_option = option_is_global_local(opt_idx);

#ifdef UNIX
 if (opt_idx == kOptModeline && getuid() == ROOT_UID) {
   // 'modeline' defaults to off for root.
   return BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(false);
 }
#endif

 if ((opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) && is_global_local_option) {
   // Use unset local value instead of default value for local scope of global-local options.
   return get_option_unset_value(opt_idx);
 } else if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeString) && !(opt->flags & kOptFlagNoDefExp)) {
   // For string options, expand environment variables and ~ since the default value was already
   // expanded, only required when an environment variable was set later.
   char *s = option_expand(opt_idx, opt->def_val.data.string.data);
   return s == NULL ? opt->def_val : CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(s);
 } else {
   return opt->def_val;
 }
}

/// Allocate the default values for all options by copying them from the stack.
/// This ensures that we don't need to always check if the option default is allocated or not.
static void alloc_options_default(void)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   options[opt_idx].def_val = optval_copy(options[opt_idx].def_val);
 }
}

/// Change the default value for an option.
///
/// @param  opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  value    New default value. Must be allocated.
static void change_option_default(const OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value)
{
 optval_free(options[opt_idx].def_val);
 options[opt_idx].def_val = value;
}

/// Set an option to its default value.
/// This does not take care of side effects!
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
static void set_option_default(const OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags)
{
 bool both = (opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) == 0;
 OptVal def_val = get_option_default(opt_idx, opt_flags);
 set_option_direct(opt_idx, def_val, opt_flags, current_sctx.sc_sid);

 if (opt_idx == kOptScroll) {
   win_comp_scroll(curwin);
 }

 // The default value is not insecure.
 uint32_t *flagsp = insecure_flag(curwin, opt_idx, opt_flags);
 *flagsp = *flagsp & ~(unsigned)kOptFlagInsecure;
 if (both) {
   flagsp = insecure_flag(curwin, opt_idx, OPT_LOCAL);
   *flagsp = *flagsp & ~(unsigned)kOptFlagInsecure;
 }
}

/// Set all options (except terminal options) to their default value.
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
static void set_options_default(int opt_flags)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   if (!(options[opt_idx].flags & kOptFlagNoDefault)) {
     set_option_default(opt_idx, opt_flags);
   }
 }

 // The 'scroll' option must be computed for all windows.
 FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
   win_comp_scroll(wp);
 }

 parse_cino(curbuf);
}

/// Set the Vi-default value of a string option.
/// Used for 'sh', 'backupskip' and 'term'.
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  val        The value of the option.
/// @param  allocated  If true, do not copy default as it was already allocated.
///
/// TODO(famiu): Remove this.
static void set_string_default(OptIndex opt_idx, char *val, bool allocated)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 change_option_default(opt_idx, CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(allocated ? val : xstrdup(val)));
}

/// For an option value that contains comma separated items, find "newval" in
/// "origval".  Return NULL if not found.
static const char *find_dup_item(const char *origval, const char *newval, const size_t newvallen,
                                uint32_t flags)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
{
 if (origval == NULL) {
   return NULL;
 }

 int bs = 0;

 for (const char *s = origval; *s != NUL; s++) {
   if ((!(flags & kOptFlagComma) || s == origval || (s[-1] == ',' && !(bs & 1)))
       && strncmp(s, newval, newvallen) == 0
       && (!(flags & kOptFlagComma) || s[newvallen] == ',' || s[newvallen] == NUL)) {
     return s;
   }
   // Count backslashes.  Only a comma with an even number of backslashes
   // or a single backslash preceded by a comma before it is recognized as
   // a separator.
   if ((s > origval + 1 && s[-1] == '\\' && s[-2] != ',')
       || (s == origval + 1 && s[-1] == '\\')) {
     bs++;
   } else {
     bs = 0;
   }
 }
 return NULL;
}

#if defined(EXITFREE)
/// Free all options.
void free_all_options(void)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   bool hidden = is_option_hidden(opt_idx);

   if (option_is_global_only(opt_idx) || hidden) {
     // global option: free value and default value.
     // hidden option: free default value only.
     if (!hidden) {
       optval_free(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, options[opt_idx].var));
     }
   } else if (!option_is_window_local(opt_idx)) {
     // buffer-local option: free global value.
     optval_free(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, options[opt_idx].var));
   }
   optval_free(options[opt_idx].def_val);
 }
 free_operatorfunc_option();
 free_tagfunc_option();
 free_findfunc_option();
 XFREE_CLEAR(fenc_default);
 XFREE_CLEAR(p_term);
 XFREE_CLEAR(p_ttytype);
}
#endif

/// Initialize the options, part two: After getting Rows and Columns.
void set_init_2(bool headless)
{
 // set in set_init_1 but logging is not allowed there
 ILOG("startup runtimepath/packpath value: %s", p_rtp);

 // 'scroll' defaults to half the window height. The stored default is zero,
 // which results in the actual value computed from the window height.
 if (!(options[kOptScroll].flags & kOptFlagWasSet)) {
   set_option_default(kOptScroll, OPT_LOCAL);
 }
 comp_col();

 // 'window' is only for backwards compatibility with Vi.
 // Default is Rows - 1.
 if (!option_was_set(kOptWindow)) {
   p_window = Rows - 1;
 }
 change_option_default(kOptWindow, NUMBER_OPTVAL(Rows - 1));
}

/// Initialize the options, part three: After reading the .vimrc
void set_init_3(void)
{
 parse_shape_opt(SHAPE_CURSOR);   // set cursor shapes from 'guicursor'

 // Set 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir', depending on the 'shell' option.
 // This is done after other initializations, where 'shell' might have been
 // set, but only if they have not been set before.
 bool do_srr = !(options[kOptShellredir].flags & kOptFlagWasSet);
 bool do_sp = !(options[kOptShellpipe].flags & kOptFlagWasSet);

 size_t len = 0;
 char *p = (char *)invocation_path_tail(p_sh, &len);
 p = xmemdupz(p, len);

 bool is_csh = path_fnamecmp(p, "csh") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "tcsh") == 0;
 bool is_known_shell = path_fnamecmp(p, "sh") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "ksh") == 0
                       || path_fnamecmp(p, "mksh") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "pdksh") == 0
                       || path_fnamecmp(p, "zsh") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "zsh-beta") == 0
                       || path_fnamecmp(p, "bash") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "fish") == 0
                       || path_fnamecmp(p, "ash") == 0 || path_fnamecmp(p, "dash") == 0;

 // Default for p_sp is "| tee", for p_srr is ">".
 // For known shells it is changed here to include stderr.
 if (is_csh || is_known_shell) {
   if (do_sp) {
     const OptVal sp =
       is_csh ? STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL("|& tee") : STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL("2>&1| tee");
     set_option_direct(kOptShellpipe, sp, 0, SID_NONE);
     change_option_default(kOptShellpipe, optval_copy(sp));
   }
   if (do_srr) {
     const OptVal srr = is_csh ? STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(">&") : STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(">%s 2>&1");
     set_option_direct(kOptShellredir, srr, 0, SID_NONE);
     change_option_default(kOptShellredir, optval_copy(srr));
   }
 }
 xfree(p);

 if (buf_is_empty(curbuf)) {
   // Apply the first entry of 'fileformats' to the initial buffer.
   if (options[kOptFileformats].flags & kOptFlagWasSet) {
     set_fileformat(default_fileformat(), OPT_LOCAL);
   }
 }

 set_title_defaults();  // 'title', 'icon'
}

/// When 'helplang' is still at its default value, set it to "lang".
/// Only the first two characters of "lang" are used.
void set_helplang_default(const char *lang)
{
 if (lang == NULL) {
   return;
 }

 const size_t lang_len = strlen(lang);
 if (lang_len < 2) {  // safety check
   return;
 }
 if (options[kOptHelplang].flags & kOptFlagWasSet) {
   return;
 }

 free_string_option(p_hlg);
 p_hlg = xmemdupz(lang, lang_len);
 // zh_CN becomes "cn", zh_TW becomes "tw".
 if (STRNICMP(p_hlg, "zh_", 3) == 0 && lang_len >= 5) {
   p_hlg[0] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(p_hlg[3]);
   p_hlg[1] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(p_hlg[4]);
 } else if (lang_len && *p_hlg == 'C') {
   // any C like setting, such as C.UTF-8, becomes "en"
   p_hlg[0] = 'e';
   p_hlg[1] = 'n';
 }
 p_hlg[2] = NUL;
}

/// 'title' and 'icon' only default to true if they have not been set or reset
/// in .vimrc and we can read the old value.
/// When 'title' and 'icon' have been reset in .vimrc, we won't even check if
/// they can be reset.  This reduces startup time when using X on a remote
/// machine.
void set_title_defaults(void)
{
 // If GUI is (going to be) used, we can always set the window title and
 // icon name.  Saves a bit of time, because the X11 display server does
 // not need to be contacted.
 if (!(options[kOptTitle].flags & kOptFlagWasSet)) {
   change_option_default(kOptTitle, BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(false));
   p_title = 0;
 }
 if (!(options[kOptIcon].flags & kOptFlagWasSet)) {
   change_option_default(kOptIcon, BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(false));
   p_icon = 0;
 }
}

void ex_set(exarg_T *eap)
{
 int flags = 0;

 if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_setlocal) {
   flags = OPT_LOCAL;
 } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_setglobal) {
   flags = OPT_GLOBAL;
 }
 if (eap->forceit) {
   flags |= OPT_ONECOLUMN;
 }
 do_set(eap->arg, flags);
}

/// Copy the new string value into allocated memory for the option.
/// Can't use set_option_direct(), because we need to remove the backslashes.
static char *stropt_copy_value(const char *origval, char **argp, set_op_T op,
                              uint32_t flags FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 char *arg = *argp;

 // get a bit too much
 size_t newlen = strlen(arg) + 1;
 if (op != OP_NONE) {
   newlen += strlen(origval) + 1;
 }
 char *newval = xmalloc(newlen);
 char *s = newval;

 // Copy the string, skip over escaped chars.
 // For MS-Windows backslashes before normal file name characters
 // are not removed, and keep backslash at start, for "\\machine\path",
 // but do remove it for "\\\\machine\\path".
 // The reverse is found in escape_option_str_cmdline().
 while (*arg != NUL && !ascii_iswhite(*arg)) {
   if (*arg == '\\' && arg[1] != NUL
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
       && !((flags & kOptFlagExpand)
            && vim_isfilec((uint8_t)arg[1])
            && !ascii_iswhite(arg[1])
            && (arg[1] != '\\'
                || (s == newval && arg[2] != '\\')))
#endif
       ) {
     arg++;  // remove backslash
   }
   int i = utfc_ptr2len(arg);
   if (i > 1) {
     // copy multibyte char
     memmove(s, arg, (size_t)i);
     arg += i;
     s += i;
   } else {
     *s++ = *arg++;
   }
 }
 *s = NUL;

 *argp = arg;
 return newval;
}

/// Expand environment variables and ~ in string option value 'newval'.
static char *stropt_expand_envvar(OptIndex opt_idx, const char *origval, char *newval, set_op_T op)
{
 char *s = option_expand(opt_idx, newval);
 if (s == NULL) {
   return newval;
 }

 xfree(newval);
 uint32_t newlen = (unsigned)strlen(s) + 1;
 if (op != OP_NONE) {
   newlen += (unsigned)strlen(origval) + 1;
 }
 newval = xmalloc(newlen);
 STRCPY(newval, s);

 return newval;
}

/// Concatenate the original and new values of a string option, adding a "," if
/// needed.
static void stropt_concat_with_comma(const char *origval, char *newval, set_op_T op, uint32_t flags)
{
 int len = 0;
 int comma = ((flags & kOptFlagComma) && *origval != NUL && *newval != NUL);
 if (op == OP_ADDING) {
   len = (int)strlen(origval);
   // Strip a trailing comma, would get 2.
   if (comma && len > 1
       && (flags & kOptFlagOneComma) == kOptFlagOneComma
       && origval[len - 1] == ','
       && origval[len - 2] != '\\') {
     len--;
   }
   memmove(newval + len + comma, newval, strlen(newval) + 1);
   memmove(newval, origval, (size_t)len);
 } else {
   len = (int)strlen(newval);
   STRMOVE(newval + len + comma, origval);
 }
 if (comma) {
   newval[len] = ',';
 }
}

/// Remove a value from a string option.  Copy string option value in "origval"
/// to "newval" and then remove the string "strval" of length "len".
static void stropt_remove_val(const char *origval, char *newval, uint32_t flags, const char *strval,
                             int len)
{
 // Remove newval[] from origval[]. (Note: "len" has been set above
 // and is used here).
 STRCPY(newval, origval);
 if (*strval) {
   // may need to remove a comma
   if (flags & kOptFlagComma) {
     if (strval == origval) {
       // include comma after string
       if (strval[len] == ',') {
         len++;
       }
     } else {
       // include comma before string
       strval--;
       len++;
     }
   }
   STRMOVE(newval + (strval - origval), strval + len);
 }
}

/// Remove flags that appear twice in the string option value 'newval'.
static void stropt_remove_dupflags(char *newval, uint32_t flags)
{
 char *s = newval;
 // Remove flags that appear twice.
 for (s = newval; *s;) {
   // if options have kOptFlagFlagList and kOptFlagOneComma such as 'whichwrap'
   if (flags & kOptFlagOneComma) {
     if (*s != ',' && *(s + 1) == ','
         && vim_strchr(s + 2, (uint8_t)(*s)) != NULL) {
       // Remove the duplicated value and the next comma.
       STRMOVE(s, s + 2);
       continue;
     }
   } else {
     if ((!(flags & kOptFlagComma) || *s != ',')
         && vim_strchr(s + 1, (uint8_t)(*s)) != NULL) {
       STRMOVE(s, s + 1);
       continue;
     }
   }
   s++;
 }
}

/// Get the string value specified for a ":set" command.  The following set options are supported:
///     set {opt}={val}
///     set {opt}:{val}
static char *stropt_get_newval(int nextchar, OptIndex opt_idx, char **argp, void *varp,
                              const char *origval, set_op_T *op_arg, uint32_t flags)
{
 char *arg = *argp;
 set_op_T op = *op_arg;
 char *save_arg = NULL;
 char *newval;
 const char *s = NULL;

 arg++;  // jump to after the '=' or ':'

 // Set 'keywordprg' to ":help" if an empty
 // value was passed to :set by the user.
 if (varp == &p_kp && (*arg == NUL || *arg == ' ')) {
   save_arg = arg;
   arg = ":help";
 }

 // Copy the new string into allocated memory.
 newval = stropt_copy_value(origval, &arg, op, flags);

 // Expand environment variables and ~.
 // Don't do it when adding without inserting a comma.
 if (op == OP_NONE || (flags & kOptFlagComma)) {
   newval = stropt_expand_envvar(opt_idx, origval, newval, op);
 }

 // locate newval[] in origval[] when removing it
 // and when adding to avoid duplicates
 int len = 0;
 if (op == OP_REMOVING || (flags & kOptFlagNoDup)) {
   len = (int)strlen(newval);
   s = find_dup_item(origval, newval, (size_t)len, flags);

   // do not add if already there
   if ((op == OP_ADDING || op == OP_PREPENDING) && s != NULL) {
     op = OP_NONE;
     STRCPY(newval, origval);
   }

   // if no duplicate, move pointer to end of original value
   if (s == NULL) {
     s = origval + (int)strlen(origval);
   }
 }

 // concatenate the two strings; add a ',' if needed
 if (op == OP_ADDING || op == OP_PREPENDING) {
   stropt_concat_with_comma(origval, newval, op, flags);
 } else if (op == OP_REMOVING) {
   // Remove newval[] from origval[]. (Note: "len" has been set above
   // and is used here).
   stropt_remove_val(origval, newval, flags, s, len);
 }

 if (flags & kOptFlagFlagList) {
   // Remove flags that appear twice.
   stropt_remove_dupflags(newval, flags);
 }

 if (save_arg != NULL) {
   arg = save_arg;  // arg was temporarily changed, restore it
 }
 *argp = arg;
 *op_arg = op;

 return newval;
}

static set_op_T get_op(const char *arg)
{
 set_op_T op = OP_NONE;
 if (*arg != NUL && *(arg + 1) == '=') {
   if (*arg == '+') {
     op = OP_ADDING;          // "+="
   } else if (*arg == '^') {
     op = OP_PREPENDING;      // "^="
   } else if (*arg == '-') {
     op = OP_REMOVING;        // "-="
   }
 }
 return op;
}

static set_prefix_T get_option_prefix(char **argp)
{
 if (strncmp(*argp, "no", 2) == 0) {
   *argp += 2;
   return PREFIX_NO;
 } else if (strncmp(*argp, "inv", 3) == 0) {
   *argp += 3;
   return PREFIX_INV;
 }

 return PREFIX_NONE;
}

static int validate_opt_idx(win_T *win, OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, uint32_t flags,
                           set_prefix_T prefix, const char **errmsg)
{
 // Only bools can have a prefix of 'inv' or 'no'
 if (!option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean) && prefix != PREFIX_NONE) {
   *errmsg = e_invarg;
   return FAIL;
 }

 // Skip all options that are not window-local (used when showing
 // an already loaded buffer in a window).
 if ((opt_flags & OPT_WINONLY) && !option_is_window_local(opt_idx)) {
   return FAIL;
 }

 // Skip all options that are window-local (used for :vimgrep).
 if ((opt_flags & OPT_NOWIN) && option_is_window_local(opt_idx)) {
   return FAIL;
 }

 // Disallow changing some options from modelines.
 if (opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE) {
   if (flags & (kOptFlagSecure | kOptFlagNoML)) {
     *errmsg = e_not_allowed_in_modeline;
     return FAIL;
   }
   if ((flags & kOptFlagMLE) && !p_mle) {
     *errmsg = e_not_allowed_in_modeline_when_modelineexpr_is_off;
     return FAIL;
   }
   // In diff mode some options are overruled.  This avoids that
   // 'foldmethod' becomes "marker" instead of "diff" and that
   // "wrap" gets set.
   if (win->w_p_diff && (opt_idx == kOptFoldmethod || opt_idx == kOptWrap)) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 }

 // Disallow changing some options in the sandbox
 if (sandbox != 0 && (flags & kOptFlagSecure)) {
   *errmsg = e_sandbox;
   return FAIL;
 }

 return OK;
}

/// Skip over the name of a TTY option or keycode option.
///
/// @param[in]  arg  Start of TTY or keycode option name.
///
/// @return NULL when option isn't a TTY or keycode option. Otherwise pointer to the char after the
/// option name.
static const char *find_tty_option_end(const char *arg)
{
 if (strequal(arg, "term")) {
   return arg + sizeof("term") - 1;
 } else if (strequal(arg, "ttytype")) {
   return arg + sizeof("ttytype") - 1;
 }

 const char *p = arg;
 bool delimit = false;  // whether to delimit <

 if (arg[0] == '<') {
   // look out for <t_>;>
   delimit = true;
   p++;
 }
 if (p[0] == 't' && p[1] == '_' && p[2] && p[3]) {
   // "t_xx" ("t_Co") option.
   p += 4;
 } else if (delimit) {
   // Search for delimiting >.
   while (*p != NUL && *p != '>') {
     p++;
   }
 }
 // Return NULL when delimiting > is not found.
 if (delimit) {
   if (*p != '>') {
     return NULL;
   }
   p++;
 }

 return arg == p ? NULL : p;
}

/// Skip over the name of an option.
///
/// @param[in]   arg       Start of option name.
/// @param[out]  opt_idxp  Set to option index in options[] table.
///
/// @return NULL when no option name found. Otherwise pointer to the char after the option name.
const char *find_option_end(const char *arg, OptIndex *opt_idxp)
{
 const char *p;

 // Handle TTY and keycode options separately.
 if ((p = find_tty_option_end(arg)) != NULL) {
   *opt_idxp = kOptInvalid;
   return p;
 } else {
   p = arg;
 }

 if (!ASCII_ISALPHA(*p)) {
   *opt_idxp = kOptInvalid;
   return NULL;
 }
 while (ASCII_ISALPHA(*p)) {
   p++;
 }

 *opt_idxp = find_option_len(arg, (size_t)(p - arg));
 return p;
}

/// Get new option value from argp. Allocated OptVal must be freed by caller.
/// Can unset local value of an option when ":set {option}<" is used.
static OptVal get_option_newval(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, set_prefix_T prefix, char **argp,
                               int nextchar, set_op_T op, uint32_t flags, void *varp, char *errbuf,
                               const size_t errbuflen, const char **errmsg)
 FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
{
 assert(varp != NULL);

 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 char *arg = *argp;
 // When setting the local value of a global option, the old value may be the global value.
 const bool oldval_is_global = option_is_global_local(opt_idx) && (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL);
 OptVal oldval = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, oldval_is_global ? get_varp(opt) : varp);
 OptVal newval = NIL_OPTVAL;

 if (nextchar == '&') {
   // ":set opt&": Reset to default value.
   // NOTE: Use OPT_GLOBAL instead of opt_flags to ensure we don't use the unset local value for
   // global-local options when OPT_LOCAL is used.
   return optval_copy(get_option_default(opt_idx, OPT_GLOBAL));
 } else if (nextchar == '<') {
   // ":set opt<": Reset to global value.
   // ":setlocal opt<": Copy global value to local value.
   if (option_is_global_local(opt_idx) && !(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
     unset_option_local_value(opt_idx);
   }
   return get_option_value(opt_idx, OPT_GLOBAL);
 }

 switch (oldval.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   abort();
 case kOptValTypeBoolean: {
   TriState newval_bool;

   // ":set opt!": invert
   if (nextchar == '!') {
     switch (oldval.data.boolean) {
     case kNone:
       newval_bool = kNone;
       break;
     case kTrue:
       newval_bool = kFalse;
       break;
     case kFalse:
       newval_bool = kTrue;
       break;
     }
   } else {
     // ":set invopt": invert
     // ":set opt" or ":set noopt": set or reset
     if (prefix == PREFIX_INV) {
       newval_bool = *(int *)varp ^ 1;
     } else {
       newval_bool = prefix == PREFIX_NO ? 0 : 1;
     }
   }

   newval = BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(newval_bool);
   break;
 }
 case kOptValTypeNumber: {
   OptInt oldval_num = oldval.data.number;
   OptInt newval_num;

   // Different ways to set a number option:
   // <xx>         accept special key codes for 'wildchar' or 'wildcharm'
   // ^x           accept ctrl key codes for 'wildchar' or 'wildcharm'
   // c            accept any non-digit for 'wildchar' or 'wildcharm'
   // [-]0-9       set number
   // other        error
   arg++;
   if (((OptInt *)varp == &p_wc || (OptInt *)varp == &p_wcm)
       && (*arg == '<' || *arg == '^'
           || (*arg != NUL && (!arg[1] || ascii_iswhite(arg[1])) && !ascii_isdigit(*arg)))) {
     newval_num = string_to_key(arg);
     if (newval_num == 0) {
       *errmsg = e_invarg;
       return newval;
     }
   } else if (*arg == '-' || ascii_isdigit(*arg)) {
     int i;
     // Allow negative, octal and hex numbers.
     vim_str2nr(arg, NULL, &i, STR2NR_ALL, &newval_num, NULL, 0, true, NULL);
     if (i == 0 || (arg[i] != NUL && !ascii_iswhite(arg[i]))) {
       *errmsg = e_number_required_after_equal;
       return newval;
     }
   } else {
     *errmsg = e_number_required_after_equal;
     return newval;
   }

   if (op == OP_ADDING) {
     newval_num = oldval_num + newval_num;
   }
   if (op == OP_PREPENDING) {
     newval_num = oldval_num * newval_num;
   }
   if (op == OP_REMOVING) {
     newval_num = oldval_num - newval_num;
   }

   newval = NUMBER_OPTVAL(newval_num);
   break;
 }
 case kOptValTypeString: {
   const char *oldval_str = oldval.data.string.data;
   // Get the new value for the option
   const char *newval_str = stropt_get_newval(nextchar, opt_idx, argp, varp, oldval_str, &op,
                                              flags);
   newval = CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(newval_str);
   break;
 }
 }

 return newval;
}

static void do_one_set_option(int opt_flags, char **argp, bool *did_show, char *errbuf,
                             size_t errbuflen, const char **errmsg)
{
 // 1: nothing, 0: "no", 2: "inv" in front of name
 set_prefix_T prefix = get_option_prefix(argp);

 char *arg = *argp;

 // find end of name
 OptIndex opt_idx;
 const char *const option_end = find_option_end(arg, &opt_idx);

 if (opt_idx != kOptInvalid) {
   assert(option_end >= arg);
 } else if (is_tty_option(arg)) {  // Silently ignore TTY options.
   return;
 } else {                          // Invalid option name, skip.
   *errmsg = e_unknown_option;
   return;
 }

 // Remember character after option name.
 uint8_t afterchar = (uint8_t)(*option_end);
 char *p = (char *)option_end;

 // Skip white space, allow ":set ai  ?".
 while (ascii_iswhite(*p)) {
   p++;
 }

 set_op_T op = get_op(p);
 if (op != OP_NONE) {
   p++;
 }

 uint8_t nextchar = (uint8_t)(*p);  // next non-white char after option name
 // flags for current option
 uint32_t flags = options[opt_idx].flags;
 // pointer to variable for current option
 void *varp = get_varp_scope(&(options[opt_idx]), opt_flags);

 if (validate_opt_idx(curwin, opt_idx, opt_flags, flags, prefix, errmsg) == FAIL) {
   return;
 }

 if (vim_strchr("?=:!&<", nextchar) != NULL) {
   *argp = p;

   if (nextchar == '&' && (*argp)[1] == 'v' && (*argp)[2] == 'i') {
     if ((*argp)[3] == 'm') {  // "opt&vim": set to Vim default
       *argp += 3;
     } else {  // "opt&vi": set to Vi default
       *argp += 2;
     }
   }
   if (vim_strchr("?!&<", nextchar) != NULL
       && (*argp)[1] != NUL && !ascii_iswhite((*argp)[1])) {
     *errmsg = e_trailing;
     return;
   }
 }

 // Allow '=' and ':' as MS-DOS command.com allows only one '=' character per "set" command line.
 if (nextchar == '?'
     || (prefix == PREFIX_NONE && vim_strchr("=:&<", nextchar) == NULL
         && !option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean))) {
   // print value
   if (*did_show) {
     msg_putchar('\n');                // cursor below last one
   } else {
     msg_ext_set_kind("list_cmd");
     gotocmdline(true);                // cursor at status line
     *did_show = true;                 // remember that we did a line
   }
   showoneopt(&options[opt_idx], opt_flags);

   if (p_verbose > 0) {
     // Mention where the option was last set.
     if (varp == options[opt_idx].var) {
       last_set_msg(options[opt_idx].script_ctx);
     } else if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)) {
       last_set_msg(curwin->w_p_script_ctx[option_scope_idx(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)]);
     } else if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)) {
       last_set_msg(curbuf->b_p_script_ctx[option_scope_idx(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)]);
     }
   }

   if (nextchar != '?' && nextchar != NUL && !ascii_iswhite(afterchar)) {
     *errmsg = e_trailing;
   }
   return;
 }

 if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean)) {
   if (vim_strchr("=:", nextchar) != NULL) {
     *errmsg = e_invarg;
     return;
   }

   if (vim_strchr("!&<", nextchar) == NULL && nextchar != NUL && !ascii_iswhite(afterchar)) {
     *errmsg = e_trailing;
     return;
   }
 } else {
   if (vim_strchr("=:&<", nextchar) == NULL) {
     *errmsg = e_invarg;
     return;
   }
 }

 OptVal newval = get_option_newval(opt_idx, opt_flags, prefix, argp, nextchar, op, flags, varp,
                                   errbuf, errbuflen, errmsg);

 if (newval.type == kOptValTypeNil || *errmsg != NULL) {
   return;
 }

 *errmsg = set_option(opt_idx, newval, opt_flags, 0, false, op == OP_NONE, errbuf, errbuflen);
}

/// Parse 'arg' for option settings.
///
/// 'arg' may be IObuff, but only when no errors can be present and option
/// does not need to be expanded with option_expand().
/// "opt_flags":
/// 0 for ":set"
/// OPT_GLOBAL   for ":setglobal"
/// OPT_LOCAL    for ":setlocal" and a modeline
/// OPT_MODELINE for a modeline
/// OPT_WINONLY  to only set window-local options
/// OPT_NOWIN    to skip setting window-local options
///
/// @param arg  option string (may be written to!)
///
/// @return  FAIL if an error is detected, OK otherwise
int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
{
 bool did_show = false;             // already showed one value

 if (*arg == NUL) {
   showoptions(false, opt_flags);
   did_show = true;
 } else {
   while (*arg != NUL) {         // loop to process all options
     if (strncmp(arg, "all", 3) == 0 && !ASCII_ISALPHA(arg[3])
         && !(opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE)) {
       // ":set all"  show all options.
       // ":set all&" set all options to their default value.
       arg += 3;
       if (*arg == '&') {
         arg++;
         // Only for :set command set global value of local options.
         set_options_default(opt_flags);
         didset_options();
         didset_options2();
         ui_refresh_options();
         redraw_all_later(UPD_CLEAR);
       } else {
         showoptions(true, opt_flags);
         did_show = true;
       }
     } else {
       char *startarg = arg;             // remember for error message
       const char *errmsg = NULL;
       char errbuf[ERR_BUFLEN];

       do_one_set_option(opt_flags, &arg, &did_show, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), &errmsg);

       // Advance to next argument.
       // - skip until a blank found, taking care of backslashes
       // - skip blanks
       // - skip one "=val" argument (for hidden options ":set gfn =xx")
       for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
         arg = skiptowhite_esc(arg);
         arg = skipwhite(arg);
         if (*arg != '=') {
           break;
         }
       }

       if (errmsg != NULL) {
         int i = vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%s", _(errmsg)) + 2;
         if (i + (arg - startarg) < IOSIZE) {
           // append the argument with the error
           xstrlcpy(IObuff + i - 2, ": ", (size_t)(IOSIZE - i + 2));
           assert(arg >= startarg);
           memmove(IObuff + i, startarg, (size_t)(arg - startarg));
           IObuff[i + (arg - startarg)] = NUL;
         }
         // make sure all characters are printable
         trans_characters(IObuff, IOSIZE);

         no_wait_return++;         // wait_return() done later
         emsg(IObuff);             // show error highlighted
         no_wait_return--;

         return FAIL;
       }
     }

     arg = skipwhite(arg);
   }
 }

 if (silent_mode && did_show) {
   // After displaying option values in silent mode.
   silent_mode = false;
   info_message = true;        // use stdout, not stderr
   msg_putchar('\n');
   silent_mode = true;
   info_message = false;       // use stdout, not stderr
 }

 return OK;
}

// Translate a string like "t_xx", "<t_xx>" or "<S-Tab>" to a key number.
// When "has_lt" is true there is a '<' before "*arg_arg".
// Returns 0 when the key is not recognized.
static int find_key_len(const char *arg_arg, size_t len, bool has_lt)
{
 int key = 0;
 const char *arg = arg_arg;

 // Don't use get_special_key_code() for t_xx, we don't want it to call
 // add_termcap_entry().
 if (len >= 4 && arg[0] == 't' && arg[1] == '_') {
   if (!has_lt || arg[4] == '>') {
     key = TERMCAP2KEY((uint8_t)arg[2], (uint8_t)arg[3]);
   }
 } else if (has_lt) {
   arg--;  // put arg at the '<'
   int modifiers = 0;
   key = find_special_key(&arg, len + 1, &modifiers, FSK_KEYCODE | FSK_KEEP_X_KEY | FSK_SIMPLIFY,
                          NULL);
   if (modifiers) {  // can't handle modifiers here
     key = 0;
   }
 }
 return key;
}

/// Convert a key name or string into a key value.
/// Used for 'cedit', 'wildchar' and 'wildcharm' options.
int string_to_key(char *arg)
{
 if (*arg == '<' && arg[1]) {
   return find_key_len(arg + 1, strlen(arg), true);
 }
 if (*arg == '^' && arg[1]) {
   int key = CTRL_CHR((uint8_t)arg[1]);
   if (key == 0) {  // ^@ is <Nul>
     key = K_ZERO;
   }
   return key;
 }
 return (uint8_t)(*arg);
}

// When changing 'title', 'titlestring', 'icon' or 'iconstring', call
// maketitle() to create and display it.
// When switching the title or icon off, call ui_set_{icon,title}(NULL) to get
// the old value back.
void did_set_title(void)
{
 if (starting != NO_SCREEN) {
   maketitle();
 }
}

/// set_options_bin -  called when 'bin' changes value.
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
void set_options_bin(int oldval, int newval, int opt_flags)
{
 // The option values that are changed when 'bin' changes are
 // copied when 'bin is set and restored when 'bin' is reset.
 if (newval) {
   if (!oldval) {              // switched on
     if (!(opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL)) {
       curbuf->b_p_tw_nobin = curbuf->b_p_tw;
       curbuf->b_p_wm_nobin = curbuf->b_p_wm;
       curbuf->b_p_ml_nobin = curbuf->b_p_ml;
       curbuf->b_p_et_nobin = curbuf->b_p_et;
     }
     if (!(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
       p_tw_nobin = p_tw;
       p_wm_nobin = p_wm;
       p_ml_nobin = p_ml;
       p_et_nobin = p_et;
     }
   }

   if (!(opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL)) {
     curbuf->b_p_tw = 0;       // no automatic line wrap
     curbuf->b_p_wm = 0;       // no automatic line wrap
     curbuf->b_p_ml = 0;       // no modelines
     curbuf->b_p_et = 0;       // no expandtab
   }
   if (!(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
     p_tw = 0;
     p_wm = 0;
     p_ml = false;
     p_et = false;
     p_bin = true;             // needed when called for the "-b" argument
   }
 } else if (oldval) {        // switched off
   if (!(opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL)) {
     curbuf->b_p_tw = curbuf->b_p_tw_nobin;
     curbuf->b_p_wm = curbuf->b_p_wm_nobin;
     curbuf->b_p_ml = curbuf->b_p_ml_nobin;
     curbuf->b_p_et = curbuf->b_p_et_nobin;
   }
   if (!(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
     p_tw = p_tw_nobin;
     p_wm = p_wm_nobin;
     p_ml = p_ml_nobin;
     p_et = p_et_nobin;
   }
 }

 // Remember where the dependent option were reset
 didset_options_sctx(opt_flags, p_bin_dep_opts);
}

/// Expand environment variables for some string options.
/// These string options cannot be indirect!
/// If "val" is NULL expand the current value of the option.
/// Return pointer to NameBuff, or NULL when not expanded.
static char *option_expand(OptIndex opt_idx, const char *val)
{
 // if option doesn't need expansion nothing to do
 if (!(options[opt_idx].flags & kOptFlagExpand) || is_option_hidden(opt_idx)) {
   return NULL;
 }

 if (val == NULL) {
   val = *(char **)options[opt_idx].var;
 }

 // If val is longer than MAXPATHL no meaningful expansion can be done,
 // expand_env() would truncate the string.
 if (val == NULL || strlen(val) > MAXPATHL) {
   return NULL;
 }

 // Expanding this with NameBuff, expand_env() must not be passed IObuff.
 // Escape spaces when expanding 'tags' or 'path', they are used to separate
 // file names.
 // For 'spellsuggest' expand after "file:".
 char **var = (char **)options[opt_idx].var;
 bool esc = var == &p_tags || var == &p_path;
 expand_env_esc(val, NameBuff, MAXPATHL, esc, false,
                (char **)options[opt_idx].var == &p_sps ? "file:" : NULL);
 if (strcmp(NameBuff, val) == 0) {   // they are the same
   return NULL;
 }

 return NameBuff;
}

/// After setting various option values: recompute variables that depend on
/// option values.
static void didset_options(void)
{
 // initialize the table for 'iskeyword' et.al.
 init_chartab();

 didset_string_options();

 spell_check_msm();
 spell_check_sps();
 compile_cap_prog(curwin->w_s);
 did_set_spell_option();
 // set cedit_key
 did_set_cedit(NULL);
 // initialize the table for 'breakat'.
 did_set_breakat(NULL);
 didset_window_options(curwin, true);
}

// More side effects of setting options.
static void didset_options2(void)
{
 // Initialize the highlight_attr[] table.
 highlight_changed();

 // Parse default for 'fillchars'.
 set_chars_option(curwin, curwin->w_p_fcs, kFillchars, true, NULL, 0);

 // Parse default for 'listchars'.
 set_chars_option(curwin, curwin->w_p_lcs, kListchars, true, NULL, 0);

 // Parse default for 'wildmode'.
 check_opt_wim();
 xfree(curbuf->b_p_vsts_array);
 tabstop_set(curbuf->b_p_vsts, &curbuf->b_p_vsts_array);
 xfree(curbuf->b_p_vts_array);
 tabstop_set(curbuf->b_p_vts,  &curbuf->b_p_vts_array);
}

/// Check for string options that are NULL (normally only termcap options).
void check_options(void)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   if ((option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeString)) && options[opt_idx].var != NULL) {
     check_string_option((char **)get_varp(&(options[opt_idx])));
   }
 }
}

/// Check if option was set insecurely.
///
/// @param  wp         Window.
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
///
/// @return  True if option was set from a modeline or in secure mode, false if it wasn't.
int was_set_insecurely(win_T *const wp, OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);

 uint32_t *flagp = insecure_flag(wp, opt_idx, opt_flags);
 return (*flagp & kOptFlagInsecure) != 0;
}

/// Get a pointer to the flags used for the kOptFlagInsecure flag of option
/// "opt_idx".  For some local options a local flags field is used.
/// NOTE: Caller must make sure that "wp" is set to the window from which
/// the option is used.
uint32_t *insecure_flag(win_T *const wp, OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags)
{
 if (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) {
   assert(wp != NULL);
   switch (opt_idx) {
   case kOptWrap:
     return &wp->w_p_wrap_flags;
   case kOptStatusline:
     return &wp->w_p_stl_flags;
   case kOptWinbar:
     return &wp->w_p_wbr_flags;
   case kOptFoldexpr:
     return &wp->w_p_fde_flags;
   case kOptFoldtext:
     return &wp->w_p_fdt_flags;
   case kOptIndentexpr:
     return &wp->w_buffer->b_p_inde_flags;
   case kOptFormatexpr:
     return &wp->w_buffer->b_p_fex_flags;
   case kOptIncludeexpr:
     return &wp->w_buffer->b_p_inex_flags;
   default:
     break;
   }
 } else {
   // For global value of window-local options, use flags in w_allbuf_opt.
   switch (opt_idx) {
   case kOptWrap:
     return &wp->w_allbuf_opt.wo_wrap_flags;
   case kOptFoldexpr:
     return &wp->w_allbuf_opt.wo_fde_flags;
   case kOptFoldtext:
     return &wp->w_allbuf_opt.wo_fdt_flags;
   default:
     break;
   }
 }
 // Nothing special, return global flags field.
 return &options[opt_idx].flags;
}

/// Redraw the window title and/or tab page text later.
void redraw_titles(void)
{
 need_maketitle = true;
 redraw_tabline = true;
}

/// Return true if "val" is a valid name: only consists of alphanumeric ASCII
/// characters or characters in "allowed".
bool valid_name(const char *val, const char *allowed)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
{
 for (const char *s = val; *s != NUL; s++) {
   if (!ASCII_ISALNUM(*s)
       && vim_strchr(allowed, (uint8_t)(*s)) == NULL) {
     return false;
   }
 }
 return true;
}

void check_blending(win_T *wp)
{
 wp->w_grid_alloc.blending =
   wp->w_p_winbl > 0 || (wp->w_floating && wp->w_config.shadow);
}

/// Handle setting `winhighlight' in window "wp"
///
/// @param winhl  when NULL: use "wp->w_p_winhl"
/// @param wp     when NULL: only parse "winhl"
///
/// @return  whether the option value is valid.
bool parse_winhl_opt(const char *winhl, win_T *wp)
{
 const char *p = empty_string_option;
 if (winhl != NULL) {
   p = winhl;
 } else if (wp != NULL) {
   p = wp->w_p_winhl;
 }

 if (!*p) {
   if (wp != NULL && wp->w_ns_hl_winhl > 0 && wp->w_ns_hl == wp->w_ns_hl_winhl) {
     wp->w_ns_hl = 0;
     wp->w_hl_needs_update = true;
   }

   return true;
 }

 int ns_hl = 0;
 if (wp != NULL) {
   if (wp->w_ns_hl_winhl == 0) {
     wp->w_ns_hl_winhl = (int)nvim_create_namespace(NULL_STRING);
   } else {
     // Namespace already exists. Invalidate existing items.
     DecorProvider *dp = get_decor_provider(wp->w_ns_hl_winhl, true);
     dp->hl_valid++;
   }
   ns_hl = wp->w_ns_hl_winhl;
   if (wp->w_ns_hl <= 0) {
     wp->w_ns_hl = wp->w_ns_hl_winhl;
   }
 }

 while (*p) {
   const char *colon = strchr(p, ':');
   if (!colon) {
     return false;
   }
   size_t nlen = (size_t)(colon - p);
   const char *hi = colon + 1;
   const char *commap = xstrchrnul(hi, ',');
   size_t len = (size_t)(commap - hi);
   int hl_id = len ? syn_check_group(hi, len) : -1;
   if (hl_id == 0) {
     return false;
   }
   int hl_id_link = nlen ? syn_check_group(p, nlen) : 0;
   if (hl_id_link == 0) {
     return false;
   }

   if (wp != NULL) {
     HlAttrs attrs = HLATTRS_INIT;
     attrs.rgb_ae_attr |= HL_GLOBAL;
     ns_hl_def(ns_hl, hl_id_link, attrs, hl_id, NULL);
   }

   p = *commap ? commap + 1 : "";
 }

 if (wp != NULL) {
   wp->w_hl_needs_update = true;
 }
 return true;
}

/// Get the script context of global option at index opt_idx.
sctx_T *get_option_sctx(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 return &options[opt_idx].script_ctx;
}

/// Set the script_ctx for an option, taking care of setting the buffer- or
/// window-local value.
void set_option_sctx(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, sctx_T script_ctx)
{
 bool both = (opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) == 0;

 // Modeline already has the line number set.
 if (!(opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE)) {
   script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
 }
 nlua_set_sctx(&script_ctx);

 // Remember where the option was set.  For local options need to do that
 // in the buffer or window structure.
 if (both || (opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) || option_is_global_only(opt_idx)) {
   options[opt_idx].script_ctx = script_ctx;
 }
 if (both || (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
   if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)) {
     curbuf->b_p_script_ctx[option_scope_idx(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)] = script_ctx;
   } else if ((option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin))) {
     curwin->w_p_script_ctx[option_scope_idx(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)] = script_ctx;
     if (both) {
       // also setting the "all buffers" value
       curwin->w_allbuf_opt.wo_script_ctx[option_scope_idx(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)] = script_ctx;
     }
   }
 }
}

/// Apply the OptionSet autocommand.
static void apply_optionset_autocmd(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, OptVal oldval, OptVal oldval_g,
                                   OptVal oldval_l, OptVal newval, const char *errmsg)
{
 // Don't do this while starting up, failure or recursively.
 if (starting || errmsg != NULL || *get_vim_var_str(VV_OPTION_TYPE) != NUL) {
   return;
 }

 char buf_type[7];
 typval_T oldval_tv = optval_as_tv(oldval, false);
 typval_T oldval_g_tv = optval_as_tv(oldval_g, false);
 typval_T oldval_l_tv = optval_as_tv(oldval_l, false);
 typval_T newval_tv = optval_as_tv(newval, false);

 vim_snprintf(buf_type, sizeof(buf_type), "%s", (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) ? "local" : "global");
 set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_NEW, &newval_tv);
 set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLD, &oldval_tv);
 set_vim_var_string(VV_OPTION_TYPE, buf_type, -1);
 if (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) {
   set_vim_var_string(VV_OPTION_COMMAND, "setlocal", -1);
   set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLDLOCAL, &oldval_tv);
 }
 if (opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) {
   set_vim_var_string(VV_OPTION_COMMAND, "setglobal", -1);
   set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLDGLOBAL, &oldval_tv);
 }
 if ((opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) == 0) {
   set_vim_var_string(VV_OPTION_COMMAND, "set", -1);
   set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLDLOCAL, &oldval_l_tv);
   set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLDGLOBAL, &oldval_g_tv);
 }
 if (opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE) {
   set_vim_var_string(VV_OPTION_COMMAND, "modeline", -1);
   set_vim_var_tv(VV_OPTION_OLDLOCAL, &oldval_tv);
 }
 apply_autocmds(EVENT_OPTIONSET, options[opt_idx].fullname, NULL, false, NULL);
 reset_v_option_vars();
}

/// Process the updated 'arabic' option value.
static const char *did_set_arabic(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 const char *errmsg = NULL;

 if (win->w_p_arab) {
   // 'arabic' is set, handle various sub-settings.
   if (!p_tbidi) {
     // set rightleft mode
     if (!win->w_p_rl) {
       win->w_p_rl = true;
       changed_window_setting(win);
     }

     // Enable Arabic shaping (major part of what Arabic requires)
     if (!p_arshape) {
       p_arshape = true;
       redraw_all_later(UPD_NOT_VALID);
     }
   }

   // Arabic requires a utf-8 encoding, inform the user if it's not
   // set.
   if (strcmp(p_enc, "utf-8") != 0) {
     static char *w_arabic = N_("W17: Arabic requires UTF-8, do ':set encoding=utf-8'");

     msg_source(HLF_W);
     msg(_(w_arabic), HLF_W);
     set_vim_var_string(VV_WARNINGMSG, _(w_arabic), -1);
   }

   // set 'delcombine'
   p_deco = true;

   // Force-set the necessary keymap for arabic.
   errmsg = set_option_value(kOptKeymap, STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL("arabic"), OPT_LOCAL);
 } else {
   // 'arabic' is reset, handle various sub-settings.
   if (!p_tbidi) {
     // reset rightleft mode
     if (win->w_p_rl) {
       win->w_p_rl = false;
       changed_window_setting(win);
     }

     // 'arabicshape' isn't reset, it is a global option and
     // another window may still need it "on".
   }

   // 'delcombine' isn't reset, it is a global option and another
   // window may still want it "on".

   // Revert to the default keymap
   win->w_buffer->b_p_iminsert = B_IMODE_NONE;
   win->w_buffer->b_p_imsearch = B_IMODE_USE_INSERT;
 }

 return errmsg;
}

/// Process the updated 'autochdir' option value.
static const char *did_set_autochdir(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // Change directories when the 'acd' option is set now.
 do_autochdir();
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'binary' option value.
static const char *did_set_binary(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;

 // when 'bin' is set also set some other options
 set_options_bin((int)args->os_oldval.boolean, buf->b_p_bin, args->os_flags);
 redraw_titles();

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'buflisted' option value.
static const char *did_set_buflisted(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;

 // when 'buflisted' changes, trigger autocommands
 if (args->os_oldval.boolean != buf->b_p_bl) {
   apply_autocmds(buf->b_p_bl ? EVENT_BUFADD : EVENT_BUFDELETE,
                  NULL, NULL, true, buf);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'cmdheight' option value.
static const char *did_set_cmdheight(optset_T *args)
{
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;

 if (p_ch > Rows - min_rows(curtab) + 1) {
   p_ch = Rows - min_rows(curtab) + 1;
 }

 // if p_ch changed value, change the command line height
 // Only compute the new window layout when startup has been
 // completed. Otherwise the frame sizes may be wrong.
 if ((p_ch != old_value
      || tabline_height() + global_stl_height() + topframe->fr_height != Rows - p_ch)
     && full_screen) {
   command_height();
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'diff' option value.
static const char *did_set_diff(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 // May add or remove the buffer from the list of diff buffers.
 diff_buf_adjust(win);
 if (foldmethodIsDiff(win)) {
   foldUpdateAll(win);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'endoffile' or 'endofline' or 'fixendofline' or 'bomb'
/// option value.
static const char *did_set_eof_eol_fixeol_bomb(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // redraw the window title and tab page text
 redraw_titles();
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'equalalways' option value.
static const char *did_set_equalalways(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 if (p_ea && !args->os_oldval.boolean) {
   win_equal(win, false, 0);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'foldlevel' option value.
static const char *did_set_foldlevel(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 newFoldLevel();
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'foldminlines' option value.
static const char *did_set_foldminlines(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 foldUpdateAll(win);
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'foldnestmax' option value.
static const char *did_set_foldnestmax(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 if (foldmethodIsSyntax(win) || foldmethodIsIndent(win)) {
   foldUpdateAll(win);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'helpheight' option value.
static const char *did_set_helpheight(optset_T *args)
{
 // Change window height NOW
 if (!ONE_WINDOW) {
   if (curbuf->b_help && curwin->w_height < p_hh) {
     win_setheight((int)p_hh);
   }
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'hlsearch' option value.
static const char *did_set_hlsearch(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // when 'hlsearch' is set or reset: reset no_hlsearch
 set_no_hlsearch(false);
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'ignorecase' option value.
static const char *did_set_ignorecase(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // when 'ignorecase' is set or reset and 'hlsearch' is set, redraw
 if (p_hls) {
   redraw_all_later(UPD_SOME_VALID);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'iminset' option value.
static const char *did_set_iminsert(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 showmode();
 // Show/unshow value of 'keymap' in status lines.
 status_redraw_curbuf();

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'langnoremap' option value.
static const char *did_set_langnoremap(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // 'langnoremap' -> !'langremap'
 p_lrm = !p_lnr;
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'langremap' option value.
static const char *did_set_langremap(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // 'langremap' -> !'langnoremap'
 p_lnr = !p_lrm;
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'laststatus' option value.
static const char *did_set_laststatus(optset_T *args)
{
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;
 OptInt value = args->os_newval.number;

 // When switching to global statusline, decrease topframe height
 // Also clear the cmdline to remove the ruler if there is one
 if (value == 3 && old_value != 3) {
   frame_new_height(topframe, topframe->fr_height - STATUS_HEIGHT, false, false, false);
   win_comp_pos();
   clear_cmdline = true;
 }
 // When switching from global statusline, increase height of topframe by STATUS_HEIGHT
 // in order to to re-add the space that was previously taken by the global statusline
 if (old_value == 3 && value != 3) {
   frame_new_height(topframe, topframe->fr_height + STATUS_HEIGHT, false, false, false);
   win_comp_pos();
 }

 status_redraw_curbuf();
 last_status(false);  // (re)set last window status line.
 win_float_update_statusline();
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'lines' or 'columns' option value.
static const char *did_set_lines_or_columns(optset_T *args)
{
 // If the screen (shell) height has been changed, assume it is the
 // physical screenheight.
 if (p_lines != Rows || p_columns != Columns) {
   // Changing the screen size is not allowed while updating the screen.
   if (updating_screen) {
     OptVal oldval = (OptVal){ .type = kOptValTypeNumber, .data = args->os_oldval };
     set_option_varp(args->os_idx, args->os_varp, oldval, false);
   } else if (full_screen) {
     screen_resize((int)p_columns, (int)p_lines);
   } else {
     // TODO(bfredl): is this branch ever needed?
     // Postpone the resizing; check the size and cmdline position for
     // messages.
     Rows = (int)p_lines;
     Columns = (int)p_columns;
     check_screensize();
     int new_row = (int)(Rows - MAX(p_ch, 1));
     if (cmdline_row > new_row && Rows > p_ch) {
       assert(p_ch >= 0 && new_row <= INT_MAX);
       cmdline_row = new_row;
     }
   }
   if (p_window >= Rows || !option_was_set(kOptWindow)) {
     p_window = Rows - 1;
   }
 }

 // Adjust 'scrolljump' if needed.
 if (p_sj >= Rows && full_screen) {
   p_sj = Rows / 2;
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'lisp' option value.
static const char *did_set_lisp(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 // When 'lisp' option changes include/exclude '-' in keyword characters.
 buf_init_chartab(buf, false);          // ignore errors
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'modifiable' option value.
static const char *did_set_modifiable(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // when 'modifiable' is changed, redraw the window title
 redraw_titles();

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'modified' option value.
static const char *did_set_modified(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 if (!args->os_newval.boolean) {
   save_file_ff(buf);  // Buffer is unchanged
 }
 redraw_titles();
 buf->b_modified_was_set = (int)args->os_newval.boolean;
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'number' or 'relativenumber' option value.
static const char *did_set_number_relativenumber(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 if (*win->w_p_stc != NUL) {
   // When 'relativenumber'/'number' is changed and 'statuscolumn' is set, reset width.
   win->w_nrwidth_line_count = 0;
 }
 check_signcolumn(NULL, win);
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'numberwidth' option value.
static const char *did_set_numberwidth(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 win->w_nrwidth_line_count = 0;  // trigger a redraw

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'paste' option value.
static const char *did_set_paste(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 static int old_p_paste = false;
 static int save_sm = 0;
 static int save_sta = 0;
 static int save_ru = 0;
 static int save_ri = 0;

 if (p_paste) {
   // Paste switched from off to on.
   // Save the current values, so they can be restored later.
   if (!old_p_paste) {
     // save options for each buffer
     FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(buf) {
       buf->b_p_tw_nopaste = buf->b_p_tw;
       buf->b_p_wm_nopaste = buf->b_p_wm;
       buf->b_p_sts_nopaste = buf->b_p_sts;
       buf->b_p_ai_nopaste = buf->b_p_ai;
       buf->b_p_et_nopaste = buf->b_p_et;
       if (buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste) {
         xfree(buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste);
       }
       buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste = buf->b_p_vsts && buf->b_p_vsts != empty_string_option
                               ? xstrdup(buf->b_p_vsts)
                               : NULL;
     }

     // save global options
     save_sm = p_sm;
     save_sta = p_sta;
     save_ru = p_ru;
     save_ri = p_ri;
     // save global values for local buffer options
     p_ai_nopaste = p_ai;
     p_et_nopaste = p_et;
     p_sts_nopaste = p_sts;
     p_tw_nopaste = p_tw;
     p_wm_nopaste = p_wm;
     if (p_vsts_nopaste) {
       xfree(p_vsts_nopaste);
     }
     p_vsts_nopaste = p_vsts && p_vsts != empty_string_option ? xstrdup(p_vsts) : NULL;
   }

   // Always set the option values, also when 'paste' is set when it is
   // already on.
   // set options for each buffer
   FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(buf) {
     buf->b_p_tw = 0;              // textwidth is 0
     buf->b_p_wm = 0;              // wrapmargin is 0
     buf->b_p_sts = 0;             // softtabstop is 0
     buf->b_p_ai = 0;              // no auto-indent
     buf->b_p_et = 0;              // no expandtab
     if (buf->b_p_vsts) {
       free_string_option(buf->b_p_vsts);
     }
     buf->b_p_vsts = empty_string_option;
     XFREE_CLEAR(buf->b_p_vsts_array);
   }

   // set global options
   p_sm = 0;                       // no showmatch
   p_sta = 0;                      // no smarttab
   if (p_ru) {
     status_redraw_all();          // redraw to remove the ruler
   }
   p_ru = 0;                       // no ruler
   p_ri = 0;                       // no reverse insert
   // set global values for local buffer options
   p_tw = 0;
   p_wm = 0;
   p_sts = 0;
   p_ai = 0;
   p_et = 0;
   if (p_vsts) {
     free_string_option(p_vsts);
   }
   p_vsts = empty_string_option;
 } else if (old_p_paste) {
   // Paste switched from on to off: Restore saved values.

   // restore options for each buffer
   FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(buf) {
     buf->b_p_tw = buf->b_p_tw_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_wm = buf->b_p_wm_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_sts = buf->b_p_sts_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_ai = buf->b_p_ai_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_et = buf->b_p_et_nopaste;
     if (buf->b_p_vsts) {
       free_string_option(buf->b_p_vsts);
     }
     buf->b_p_vsts = buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste ? xstrdup(buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste) : empty_string_option;
     xfree(buf->b_p_vsts_array);
     if (buf->b_p_vsts && buf->b_p_vsts != empty_string_option) {
       tabstop_set(buf->b_p_vsts, &buf->b_p_vsts_array);
     } else {
       buf->b_p_vsts_array = NULL;
     }
   }

   // restore global options
   p_sm = save_sm;
   p_sta = save_sta;
   if (p_ru != save_ru) {
     status_redraw_all();          // redraw to draw the ruler
   }
   p_ru = save_ru;
   p_ri = save_ri;
   // set global values for local buffer options
   p_ai = p_ai_nopaste;
   p_et = p_et_nopaste;
   p_sts = p_sts_nopaste;
   p_tw = p_tw_nopaste;
   p_wm = p_wm_nopaste;
   if (p_vsts) {
     free_string_option(p_vsts);
   }
   p_vsts = p_vsts_nopaste ? xstrdup(p_vsts_nopaste) : empty_string_option;
 }

 old_p_paste = p_paste;

 // Remember where the dependent options were reset
 didset_options_sctx((OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL), p_paste_dep_opts);

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'previewwindow' option value.
static const char *did_set_previewwindow(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;

 if (!win->w_p_pvw) {
   return NULL;
 }

 // There can be only one window with 'previewwindow' set.
 FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
   if (wp->w_p_pvw && wp != win) {
     win->w_p_pvw = false;
     return e_preview_window_already_exists;
   }
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'pumblend' option value.
static const char *did_set_pumblend(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 hl_invalidate_blends();
 if (pum_drawn()) {
   pum_redraw();
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'readonly' option value.
static const char *did_set_readonly(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;

 // when 'readonly' is reset globally, also reset readonlymode
 if (!buf->b_p_ro && (args->os_flags & OPT_LOCAL) == 0) {
   readonlymode = false;
 }

 // when 'readonly' is set may give W10 again
 if (buf->b_p_ro) {
   buf->b_did_warn = false;
 }

 redraw_titles();

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'scrollback' option value.
static const char *did_set_scrollback(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;
 OptInt value = args->os_newval.number;

 if (buf->terminal && value < old_value) {
   // Force the scrollback to take immediate effect only when decreasing it.
   on_scrollback_option_changed(buf->terminal);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'scrollbind' option value.
static const char *did_set_scrollbind(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;

 // when 'scrollbind' is set: snapshot the current position to avoid a jump
 // at the end of normal_cmd()
 if (!win->w_p_scb) {
   return NULL;
 }
 do_check_scrollbind(false);
 win->w_scbind_pos = get_vtopline(win);
 return NULL;
}

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
/// Process the updated 'shellslash' option value.
static const char *did_set_shellslash(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 if (p_ssl) {
   psepc = '/';
   psepcN = '\\';
   pseps[0] = '/';
 } else {
   psepc = '\\';
   psepcN = '/';
   pseps[0] = '\\';
 }

 // need to adjust the file name arguments and buffer names.
 buflist_slash_adjust();
 alist_slash_adjust();
 scriptnames_slash_adjust();
 return NULL;
}
#endif

/// Process the new 'shiftwidth' or the 'tabstop' option value.
static const char *did_set_shiftwidth_tabstop(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 OptInt *pp = (OptInt *)args->os_varp;

 if (foldmethodIsIndent(win)) {
   foldUpdateAll(win);
 }
 // When 'shiftwidth' changes, or it's zero and 'tabstop' changes:
 // parse 'cinoptions'.
 if (pp == &buf->b_p_sw || buf->b_p_sw == 0) {
   parse_cino(buf);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'showtabline' option value.
static const char *did_set_showtabline(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // (re)set tab page line
 win_new_screen_rows();  // recompute window positions and heights
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'smoothscroll' option value.
static const char *did_set_smoothscroll(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 if (!win->w_p_sms) {
   win->w_skipcol = 0;
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'spell' option value.
static const char *did_set_spell(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 if (win->w_p_spell) {
   return parse_spelllang(win);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'swapfile' option value.
static const char *did_set_swapfile(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 // when 'swf' is set, create swapfile, when reset remove swapfile
 if (buf->b_p_swf && p_uc) {
   ml_open_file(buf);                     // create the swap file
 } else {
   // no need to reset buf->b_may_swap, ml_open_file() will check buf->b_p_swf
   mf_close_file(buf, true);              // remove the swap file
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'textwidth' option value.
static const char *did_set_textwidth(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
   check_colorcolumn(NULL, wp);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'title' or the 'icon' option value.
static const char *did_set_title_icon(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 // when 'title' changed, may need to change the title; same for 'icon'
 did_set_title();
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'titlelen' option value.
static const char *did_set_titlelen(optset_T *args)
{
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;

 // if 'titlelen' has changed, redraw the title
 if (starting != NO_SCREEN && old_value != p_titlelen) {
   need_maketitle = true;
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'undofile' option value.
static const char *did_set_undofile(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;

 // Only take action when the option was set.
 if (!buf->b_p_udf && !p_udf) {
   return NULL;
 }

 // When reset we do not delete the undo file, the option may be set again
 // without making any changes in between.
 uint8_t hash[UNDO_HASH_SIZE];

 FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(bp) {
   // When 'undofile' is set globally: for every buffer, otherwise
   // only for the current buffer: Try to read in the undofile,
   // if one exists, the buffer wasn't changed and the buffer was
   // loaded
   if ((buf == bp
        || (args->os_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) || args->os_flags == 0)
       && !bufIsChanged(bp) && bp->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL) {
     u_compute_hash(bp, hash);
     u_read_undo(NULL, hash, bp->b_fname);
   }
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new global 'undolevels' option value.
const char *did_set_global_undolevels(OptInt value, OptInt old_value)
{
 // sync undo before 'undolevels' changes
 // use the old value, otherwise u_sync() may not work properly
 p_ul = old_value;
 u_sync(true);
 p_ul = value;
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new buffer local 'undolevels' option value.
const char *did_set_buflocal_undolevels(buf_T *buf, OptInt value, OptInt old_value)
{
 // use the old value, otherwise u_sync() may not work properly
 buf->b_p_ul = old_value;
 u_sync(true);
 buf->b_p_ul = value;
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'undolevels' option value.
static const char *did_set_undolevels(optset_T *args)
{
 buf_T *buf = (buf_T *)args->os_buf;
 OptInt *pp = (OptInt *)args->os_varp;

 if (pp == &p_ul) {                  // global 'undolevels'
   did_set_global_undolevels(args->os_newval.number, args->os_oldval.number);
 } else if (pp == &buf->b_p_ul) {      // buffer local 'undolevels'
   did_set_buflocal_undolevels(buf, args->os_newval.number, args->os_oldval.number);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'updatecount' option value.
static const char *did_set_updatecount(optset_T *args)
{
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;

 // when 'updatecount' changes from zero to non-zero, open swap files
 if (p_uc && !old_value) {
   ml_open_files();
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'wildchar' / 'wildcharm' option value.
static const char *did_set_wildchar(optset_T *args)
{
 OptInt c = *(OptInt *)args->os_varp;

 // Don't allow key values that wouldn't work as wildchar.
 if (c == Ctrl_C || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == K_KENTER) {
   return e_invarg;
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'winblend' option value.
static const char *did_set_winblend(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 OptInt old_value = args->os_oldval.number;
 OptInt value = args->os_newval.number;

 if (value != old_value) {
   win->w_p_winbl = MAX(MIN(win->w_p_winbl, 100), 0);
   win->w_hl_needs_update = true;
   check_blending(win);
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'window' option value.
static const char *did_set_window(optset_T *args FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
 if (p_window < 1) {
   p_window = Rows - 1;
 } else if (p_window >= Rows) {
   p_window = Rows - 1;
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'winheight' value.
static const char *did_set_winheight(optset_T *args)
{
 // Change window height NOW
 if (!ONE_WINDOW) {
   if (curwin->w_height < p_wh) {
     win_setheight((int)p_wh);
   }
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'winwidth' option value.
static const char *did_set_winwidth(optset_T *args)
{
 if (!ONE_WINDOW && curwin->w_width < p_wiw) {
   win_setwidth((int)p_wiw);
 }
 return NULL;
}

/// Process the updated 'wrap' option value.
static const char *did_set_wrap(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 // Set w_leftcol or w_skipcol to zero.
 if (win->w_p_wrap) {
   win->w_leftcol = 0;
 } else {
   win->w_skipcol = 0;
 }

 return NULL;
}

/// Process the new 'chistory' or 'lhistory' option value. 'chistory' will
/// be used if args->os_varp is the same as p_chi, else 'lhistory'.
static const char *did_set_xhistory(optset_T *args)
{
 win_T *win = (win_T *)args->os_win;
 bool is_p_chi = (OptInt *)args->os_varp == &p_chi;
 OptInt *arg = is_p_chi ? &p_chi : (OptInt *)args->os_varp;

 if (is_p_chi) {
   qf_resize_stack((int)(*arg));
 } else {
   ll_resize_stack(win, (int)(*arg));
 }

 return NULL;
}

// When 'syntax' is set, load the syntax of that name
static void do_syntax_autocmd(buf_T *buf, bool value_changed)
{
 static int syn_recursive = 0;

 syn_recursive++;
 buf->b_flags |= BF_SYN_SET;
 // Only pass true for "force" when the value changed or not used
 // recursively, to avoid endless recurrence.
 apply_autocmds(EVENT_SYNTAX, buf->b_p_syn, buf->b_fname,
                value_changed || syn_recursive == 1, buf);
 syn_recursive--;
}

static void do_spelllang_source(win_T *win)
{
 char fname[200];
 char *q = win->w_s->b_p_spl;

 // Skip the first name if it is "cjk".
 if (strncmp(q, "cjk,", 4) == 0) {
   q += 4;
 }

 // Source the spell/LANG.{vim,lua} in 'runtimepath'.
 // They could set 'spellcapcheck' depending on the language.
 // Use the first name in 'spelllang' up to '_region' or
 // '.encoding'.
 char *p;
 for (p = q; *p != NUL; p++) {
   if (!ASCII_ISALNUM(*p) && *p != '-') {
     break;
   }
 }
 if (p > q) {
   vim_snprintf(fname, sizeof(fname), "spell/%.*s.*", (int)(p - q), q);
   source_runtime_vim_lua(fname, DIP_ALL);
 }
}

/// Check the bounds of numeric options.
///
/// @param          opt_idx    Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param[in,out]  newval     Pointer to new option value. Will be set to bound checked value.
/// @param[out]     errbuf     Buffer for error message. Cannot be NULL.
/// @param          errbuflen  Length of error buffer.
///
/// @return Error message, if any.
static const char *check_num_option_bounds(OptIndex opt_idx, OptInt *newval, char *errbuf,
                                          size_t errbuflen)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(3)
{
 const char *errmsg = NULL;

 switch (opt_idx) {
 case kOptLines:
   if (*newval < min_rows_for_all_tabpages() && full_screen) {
     vim_snprintf(errbuf, errbuflen, _("E593: Need at least %d lines"),
                  min_rows_for_all_tabpages());
     errmsg = errbuf;
     *newval = min_rows_for_all_tabpages();
   }
   // True max size is defined by check_screensize().
   *newval = MIN(*newval, INT_MAX);
   break;
 case kOptColumns:
   if (*newval < MIN_COLUMNS && full_screen) {
     vim_snprintf(errbuf, errbuflen, _("E594: Need at least %d columns"), MIN_COLUMNS);
     errmsg = errbuf;
     *newval = MIN_COLUMNS;
   }
   // True max size is defined by check_screensize().
   *newval = MIN(*newval, INT_MAX);
   break;
 case kOptPumblend:
   *newval = MAX(MIN(*newval, 100), 0);
   break;
 case kOptScrolljump:
   if ((*newval < -100 || *newval >= Rows) && full_screen) {
     errmsg = e_scroll;
     *newval = 1;
   }
   break;
 case kOptScroll:
   if ((*newval <= 0 || (*newval > curwin->w_view_height && curwin->w_view_height > 0))
       && full_screen) {
     if (*newval != 0) {
       errmsg = e_scroll;
     }
     *newval = win_default_scroll(curwin);
   }
   break;
 default:
   break;
 }

 return errmsg;
}

/// Validate and bound check option value.
///
/// @param          opt_idx    Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param[in,out]  newval     Pointer to new option value. Will be set to bound checked value.
/// @param[out]     errbuf     Buffer for error message. Cannot be NULL.
/// @param          errbuflen  Length of error buffer.
///
/// @return Error message, if any.
static const char *validate_num_option(OptIndex opt_idx, OptInt *newval, char *errbuf,
                                      size_t errbuflen)
{
 OptInt value = *newval;

 // Many number options assume their value is in the signed int range.
 if (value < INT_MIN || value > INT_MAX) {
   return e_invarg;
 }

 // if you increase this, also increase SEARCH_STAT_BUF_LEN in search.c
 enum { MAX_SEARCH_COUNT = 9999, };

 switch (opt_idx) {
 case kOptHelpheight:
 case kOptTitlelen:
 case kOptUpdatecount:
 case kOptReport:
 case kOptUpdatetime:
 case kOptSidescroll:
 case kOptFoldlevel:
 case kOptShiftwidth:
 case kOptTextwidth:
 case kOptWritedelay:
 case kOptTimeoutlen:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   }
   break;
 case kOptWinheight:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (p_wmh > value) {
     return e_winheight;
   }
   break;
 case kOptWinminheight:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > p_wh) {
     return e_winheight;
   }
   break;
 case kOptWinwidth:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (p_wmw > value) {
     return e_winwidth;
   }
   break;
 case kOptWinminwidth:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > p_wiw) {
     return e_winwidth;
   }
   break;
 case kOptMaxcombine:
   *newval = MAX_MCO;
   break;
 case kOptCmdheight:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   }
   break;
 case kOptHistory:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > 10000) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptPyxversion:
   if (value == 0) {
     *newval = 3;
   } else if (value != 3) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptRegexpengine:
   if (value < 0 || value > 2) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptScrolloff:
   if (value < 0 && full_screen) {
     return e_positive;
   }
   break;
 case kOptSidescrolloff:
   if (value < 0 && full_screen) {
     return e_positive;
   }
   break;
 case kOptCmdwinheight:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_positive;
   }
   break;
 case kOptConceallevel:
   if (value < 0) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > 3) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptNumberwidth:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > MAX_NUMBERWIDTH) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptIminsert:
   if (value < 0 || value > B_IMODE_LAST) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptImsearch:
   if (value < -1 || value > B_IMODE_LAST) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptChannel:
   return e_invarg;
 case kOptScrollback:
   if (value < -1 || value > SB_MAX) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptTabstop:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > TABSTOP_MAX) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 case kOptChistory:
 case kOptLhistory:
   if (value < 1) {
     return e_cannot_have_negative_or_zero_number_of_quickfix;
   } else if (value > 100) {
     return e_cannot_have_more_than_hundred_quickfix;
   }
   break;
 case kOptMaxsearchcount:
   if (value <= 0) {
     return e_positive;
   } else if (value > MAX_SEARCH_COUNT) {
     return e_invarg;
   }
   break;
 default:
   break;
 }

 return check_num_option_bounds(opt_idx, newval, errbuf, errbuflen);
}

/// Called after an option changed: check if something needs to be redrawn.
void check_redraw_for(buf_T *buf, win_T *win, uint32_t flags)
{
 // Careful: kOptFlagRedrAll is a combination of other redraw flags
 bool all = (flags & kOptFlagRedrAll) == kOptFlagRedrAll;

 if ((flags & kOptFlagRedrStat) || all) {  // mark all status lines and window bars dirty
   status_redraw_all();
 }

 if ((flags & kOptFlagRedrTabl) || all) {  // mark tablines dirty
   redraw_tabline = true;
 }

 if ((flags & kOptFlagRedrBuf) || (flags & kOptFlagRedrWin) || all) {
   if (flags & kOptFlagHLOnly) {
     redraw_later(win, UPD_NOT_VALID);
   } else {
     changed_window_setting(win);
   }
 }
 if (flags & kOptFlagRedrBuf) {
   redraw_buf_later(buf, UPD_NOT_VALID);
 }
 if (all) {
   redraw_all_later(UPD_NOT_VALID);
 }
}

void check_redraw(uint32_t flags)
{
 check_redraw_for(curbuf, curwin, flags);
}

bool is_tty_option(const char *name)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
{
 return find_tty_option_end(name) != NULL;
}

/// Get value of TTY option.
///
/// @param  name  Name of TTY option.
///
/// @return [allocated] TTY option value. Returns NIL_OPTVAL if option isn't a TTY option.
OptVal get_tty_option(const char *name)
{
 char *value = NULL;

 if (strequal(name, "t_Co")) {
   if (t_colors <= 1) {
     value = xstrdup("");
   } else {
     value = xmalloc(NUMBUFLEN);
     snprintf(value, NUMBUFLEN, "%d", t_colors);
   }
 } else if (strequal(name, "term")) {
   value = p_term ? xstrdup(p_term) : xstrdup("nvim");
 } else if (strequal(name, "ttytype")) {
   value = p_ttytype ? xstrdup(p_ttytype) : xstrdup("nvim");
 } else if (is_tty_option(name)) {
   // XXX: All other t_* options were removed in 3baba1e7.
   value = xstrdup("");
 }

 return value == NULL ? NIL_OPTVAL : CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(value);
}

bool set_tty_option(const char *name, char *value)
{
 if (strequal(name, "term")) {
   if (p_term) {
     xfree(p_term);
   }
   p_term = value;
   return true;
 }

 if (strequal(name, "ttytype")) {
   if (p_ttytype) {
     xfree(p_ttytype);
   }
   p_ttytype = value;
   return true;
 }

 return false;
}

/// Find index for an option. Don't go beyond `len` length.
///
/// @param[in]  name  Option name.
/// @param      len   Option name length.
///
/// @return Option index or kOptInvalid if option was not found.
OptIndex find_option_len(const char *const name, size_t len)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
{
 int index = find_option_hash(name, len);
 return index >= 0 ? option_hash_elems[index].opt_idx : kOptInvalid;
}

/// Find index for an option.
///
/// @param[in]  name  Option name.
///
/// @return Option index or kOptInvalid if option was not found.
OptIndex find_option(const char *const name)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
{
 return find_option_len(name, strlen(name));
}

/// Free an allocated OptVal.
void optval_free(OptVal o)
{
 switch (o.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   break;
 case kOptValTypeString:
   // Don't free empty string option
   if (o.data.string.data != empty_string_option) {
     api_free_string(o.data.string);
   }
   break;
 }
}

/// Copy an OptVal.
OptVal optval_copy(OptVal o)
{
 switch (o.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   return o;
 case kOptValTypeString:
   return STRING_OPTVAL(copy_string(o.data.string, NULL));
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Check if two option values are equal.
bool optval_equal(OptVal o1, OptVal o2)
{
 if (o1.type != o2.type) {
   return false;
 }

 switch (o1.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   return true;
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
   return o1.data.boolean == o2.data.boolean;
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   return o1.data.number == o2.data.number;
 case kOptValTypeString:
   return o1.data.string.size == o2.data.string.size
          && (o1.data.string.data == o2.data.string.data
              || strnequal(o1.data.string.data, o2.data.string.data, o1.data.string.size));
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Get type of option.
static OptValType option_get_type(const OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 return options[opt_idx].type;
}

/// Create OptVal from var pointer.
///
/// @param       opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
/// @param[out]  varp     Pointer to option variable.
///
/// @return Option value stored in varp.
OptVal optval_from_varp(OptIndex opt_idx, void *varp)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
{
 // Special case: 'modified' is b_changed, but we also want to consider it set when 'ff' or 'fenc'
 // changed.
 if ((int *)varp == &curbuf->b_changed) {
   return BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(curbufIsChanged());
 }

 OptValType type = option_get_type(opt_idx);

 switch (type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   return NIL_OPTVAL;
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
   return BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(TRISTATE_FROM_INT(*(int *)varp));
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   return NUMBER_OPTVAL(*(OptInt *)varp);
 case kOptValTypeString:
   return STRING_OPTVAL(cstr_as_string(*(char **)varp));
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Set option var pointer value from OptVal.
///
/// @param       opt_idx      Option index in options[] table.
/// @param[out]  varp         Pointer to option variable.
/// @param[in]   value        New option value.
/// @param       free_oldval  Free old value.
static void set_option_varp(OptIndex opt_idx, void *varp, OptVal value, bool free_oldval)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
{
 assert(option_has_type(opt_idx, value.type));

 if (free_oldval) {
   optval_free(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp));
 }

 switch (value.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   abort();
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
   *(int *)varp = value.data.boolean;
   return;
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   *(OptInt *)varp = value.data.number;
   return;
 case kOptValTypeString:
   *(char **)varp = value.data.string.data;
   return;
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Return C-string representation of OptVal. Caller must free the returned C-string.
static char *optval_to_cstr(OptVal o)
{
 switch (o.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   return xstrdup("");
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
   return xstrdup(o.data.boolean ? "true" : "false");
 case kOptValTypeNumber: {
   char *buf = xmalloc(NUMBUFLEN);
   snprintf(buf, NUMBUFLEN, "%" PRId64, o.data.number);
   return buf;
 }
 case kOptValTypeString: {
   char *buf = xmalloc(o.data.string.size + 3);
   snprintf(buf, o.data.string.size + 3, "\"%s\"", o.data.string.data);
   return buf;
 }
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Convert an OptVal to an API Object.
Object optval_as_object(OptVal o)
{
 switch (o.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   return NIL;
 case kOptValTypeBoolean:
   switch (o.data.boolean) {
   case kFalse:
   case kTrue:
     return BOOLEAN_OBJ(o.data.boolean);
   case kNone:
     return NIL;
   }
   UNREACHABLE;
 case kOptValTypeNumber:
   return INTEGER_OBJ(o.data.number);
 case kOptValTypeString:
   return STRING_OBJ(o.data.string);
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Convert an API Object to an OptVal.
OptVal object_as_optval(Object o, bool *error)
{
 switch (o.type) {
 case kObjectTypeNil:
   return NIL_OPTVAL;
 case kObjectTypeBoolean:
   return BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(o.data.boolean);
 case kObjectTypeInteger:
   return NUMBER_OPTVAL((OptInt)o.data.integer);
 case kObjectTypeString:
   return STRING_OPTVAL(o.data.string);
 default:
   *error = true;
   return NIL_OPTVAL;
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Check if option is hidden.
///
/// @param  opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
///
/// @return  True if option is hidden, false otherwise. Returns false if option name is invalid.
bool is_option_hidden(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 // Hidden options are always immutable and point to their default value
 return opt_idx != kOptInvalid && options[opt_idx].immutable
        && options[opt_idx].var == &options[opt_idx].def_val.data;
}

/// Check if option supports a specific type.
bool option_has_type(OptIndex opt_idx, OptValType type)
{
 return opt_idx != kOptInvalid && options[opt_idx].type == type;
}

/// Check if option supports a specific scope.
bool option_has_scope(OptIndex opt_idx, OptScope scope)
{
 // Ensure that scope flags variable can hold all scopes.
 STATIC_ASSERT(kOptScopeSize <= sizeof(OptScopeFlags) * 8,
               "Option scope_flags cannot fit all option scopes");
 // Ensure that the scope is valid before accessing scope_flags.
 assert(scope >= kOptScopeGlobal && scope < kOptScopeSize);
 // Bitshift 1 by the value of scope to get the scope's corresponding flag, and check if it's set
 // in the scope_flags bit field.
 return get_option(opt_idx)->scope_flags & (1 << scope);
}

/// Check if option is global-local.
static inline bool option_is_global_local(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 // Global-local options have at least two types, so their type flag cannot be a power of two.
 return opt_idx != kOptInvalid && !is_power_of_two(options[opt_idx].scope_flags);
}

/// Check if option only supports global scope.
static inline bool option_is_global_only(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 // For an option to be global-only, it has to only have a single scope, which means the scope
 // flags must be a power of two, and it must have the global scope.
 return opt_idx != kOptInvalid && is_power_of_two(options[opt_idx].scope_flags)
        && option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeGlobal);
}

/// Check if option only supports window scope.
static inline bool option_is_window_local(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 // For an option to be window-local it has to only have a single scope, which means the scope
 // flags must be a power of two, and it must have the window scope.
 return opt_idx != kOptInvalid && is_power_of_two(options[opt_idx].scope_flags)
        && option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin);
}

/// Get option index for scope.
ssize_t option_scope_idx(OptIndex opt_idx, OptScope scope)
{
 return options[opt_idx].scope_idx[scope];
}

/// Get option flags.
///
/// @param  opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
///
/// @return  Option flags. Returns 0 for invalid option name.
uint32_t get_option_flags(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 return opt_idx == kOptInvalid ? 0 : options[opt_idx].flags;
}

/// Gets the value for an option.
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
///
/// @return [allocated] Option value. Returns NIL_OPTVAL for invalid option index.
OptVal get_option_value(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags)
{
 if (opt_idx == kOptInvalid) {  // option not in the options[] table.
   return NIL_OPTVAL;
 }

 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 void *varp = get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);

 return optval_copy(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp));
}

/// Return information for option at 'opt_idx'
vimoption_T *get_option(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 return &options[opt_idx];
}

/// Get option value that represents an unset local value for an option.
/// TODO(famiu): Remove this once we have a dedicated OptVal type for unset local options.
///
/// @param      opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
/// @param[in]  varp  Pointer to option variable.
///
/// @return Option value equal to the unset value for the option.
static OptVal get_option_unset_value(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];

 // For global-local options, use the unset value of the local value.
 if (option_is_global_local(opt_idx)) {
   // String global-local options always use an empty string for the unset value.
   if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeString)) {
     return STATIC_CSTR_AS_OPTVAL("");
   }

   switch (opt_idx) {
   case kOptAutocomplete:
   case kOptAutoread:
   case kOptFsync:
     return BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(kNone);
   case kOptScrolloff:
   case kOptSidescrolloff:
     return NUMBER_OPTVAL(-1);
   case kOptUndolevels:
     return NUMBER_OPTVAL(NO_LOCAL_UNDOLEVEL);
   default:
     abort();
   }
 }

 // For options that aren't global-local, use the global value to represent an unset local value.
 return optval_from_varp(opt_idx, get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_GLOBAL));
}

/// Check if local value of global-local option is unset for current buffer / window.
/// Always returns false for options that aren't global-local.
///
/// TODO(famiu): Remove this once we have an OptVal type to indicate an unset local value.
static bool is_option_local_value_unset(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 vimoption_T *opt = get_option(opt_idx);

 // Local value of option that isn't global-local is always considered set.
 if (!option_is_global_local(opt_idx)) {
   return false;
 }

 void *varp_local = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_LOCAL);
 OptVal local_value = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp_local);
 OptVal unset_local_value = get_option_unset_value(opt_idx);

 return optval_equal(local_value, unset_local_value);
}

/// Handle side-effects of setting an option.
///
/// @param       opt_idx         Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param[in]   varp            Option variable pointer, cannot be NULL.
/// @param       old_value       Old option value.
/// @param       opt_flags       Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
/// @param       set_sid         Script ID. Special values:
///                                0: Use current script ID.
///                                SID_NONE: Don't set script ID.
/// @param       direct          Don't process side-effects.
/// @param       value_replaced  Value was replaced completely.
/// @param[out]  errbuf          Buffer for error message.
/// @param       errbuflen       Length of error buffer.
///
/// @return  NULL on success, an untranslated error message on error.
static const char *did_set_option(OptIndex opt_idx, void *varp, OptVal old_value, OptVal new_value,
                                 int opt_flags, scid_T set_sid, const bool direct,
                                 const bool value_replaced, char *errbuf, size_t errbuflen)
{
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 const char *errmsg = NULL;
 bool restore_chartab = false;
 bool value_changed = false;
 bool value_checked = false;

 optset_T did_set_cb_args = {
   .os_varp = varp,
   .os_idx = opt_idx,
   .os_flags = opt_flags,
   .os_oldval = old_value.data,
   .os_newval = new_value.data,
   .os_value_checked = false,
   .os_value_changed = false,
   .os_restore_chartab = false,
   .os_errbuf = errbuf,
   .os_errbuflen = errbuflen,
   .os_buf = curbuf,
   .os_win = curwin,
 };

 if (direct) {
   // Don't do any extra processing if setting directly.
 }
 // Disallow changing immutable options.
 else if (opt->immutable && !optval_equal(old_value, new_value)) {
   errmsg = e_unsupportedoption;
 }
 // Disallow changing some options from secure mode.
 else if ((secure || sandbox != 0) && (opt->flags & kOptFlagSecure)) {
   errmsg = e_secure;
 }
 // Check for a "normal" directory or file name in some string options.
 else if (new_value.type == kOptValTypeString
          && check_illegal_path_names(*(char **)varp, opt->flags)) {
   errmsg = e_invarg;
 } else if (opt->opt_did_set_cb != NULL) {
   // Invoke the option specific callback function to validate and apply the new value.
   errmsg = opt->opt_did_set_cb(&did_set_cb_args);
   // The 'filetype' and 'syntax' option callback functions may change the os_value_changed field.
   value_changed = did_set_cb_args.os_value_changed;
   // The 'keymap', 'filetype' and 'syntax' option callback functions may change the
   // os_value_checked field.
   value_checked = did_set_cb_args.os_value_checked;
   // The 'isident', 'iskeyword', 'isprint' and 'isfname' options may change the character table.
   // On failure, this needs to be restored.
   restore_chartab = did_set_cb_args.os_restore_chartab;
 }

 // If option is hidden or if an error is detected, restore the previous value and don't do any
 // further processing.
 if (errmsg != NULL) {
   set_option_varp(opt_idx, varp, old_value, true);
   // When resetting some values, need to act on it.
   if (restore_chartab) {
     buf_init_chartab(curbuf, true);
   }

   return errmsg;
 }

 // Re-assign the new value as its value may get freed or modified by the option callback.
 new_value = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp);

 if (set_sid != SID_NONE) {
   sctx_T script_ctx = set_sid == 0 ? current_sctx : (sctx_T){ .sc_sid = set_sid };
   // Remember where the option was set.
   set_option_sctx(opt_idx, opt_flags, script_ctx);
 }

 optval_free(old_value);

 const bool scope_both = (opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) == 0;

 if (scope_both) {
   if (option_is_global_local(opt_idx)) {
     // Global option with local value set to use global value.
     // Free the local value and clear it.
     void *varp_local = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_LOCAL);
     OptVal local_unset_value = get_option_unset_value(opt_idx);
     set_option_varp(opt_idx, varp_local, optval_copy(local_unset_value), true);
   } else {
     // May set global value for local option.
     void *varp_global = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_GLOBAL);
     set_option_varp(opt_idx, varp_global, optval_copy(new_value), true);
   }
 }

 // Don't do anything else if setting the option directly.
 if (direct) {
   return errmsg;
 }

 // Trigger the autocommand only after setting the flags.
 if (varp == &curbuf->b_p_syn) {
   do_syntax_autocmd(curbuf, value_changed);
 } else if (varp == &curbuf->b_p_ft) {
   // 'filetype' is set, trigger the FileType autocommand
   // Skip this when called from a modeline
   // Force autocmd when the filetype was changed
   if (!(opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE) || value_changed) {
     do_filetype_autocmd(curbuf, value_changed);
   }
 } else if (varp == &curwin->w_s->b_p_spl) {
   do_spelllang_source(curwin);
 }

 // In case 'ruler' or 'showcmd' or 'columns' or 'ls' changed.
 comp_col();

 if (varp == &p_mouse) {
   setmouse();  // in case 'mouse' changed
 } else if ((varp == &p_flp || varp == &(curbuf->b_p_flp)) && curwin->w_briopt_list) {
   // Changing Formatlistpattern when briopt includes the list setting:
   // redraw
   redraw_all_later(UPD_NOT_VALID);
 } else if (varp == &p_wbr || varp == &(curwin->w_p_wbr)) {
   // add / remove window bars for 'winbar'
   set_winbar(true);
 }

 if (curwin->w_curswant != MAXCOL
     && (opt->flags & (kOptFlagCurswant | kOptFlagRedrAll)) != 0
     && (opt->flags & kOptFlagHLOnly) == 0) {
   curwin->w_set_curswant = true;
 }

 check_redraw(opt->flags);

 if (errmsg == NULL) {
   opt->flags |= kOptFlagWasSet;

   uint32_t *flagsp = insecure_flag(curwin, opt_idx, opt_flags);
   uint32_t *flagsp_local = scope_both ? insecure_flag(curwin, opt_idx, OPT_LOCAL) : NULL;
   // When an option is set in the sandbox, from a modeline or in secure mode set the
   // kOptFlagInsecure flag.  Otherwise, if a new value is stored reset the flag.
   if (!value_checked && (secure || sandbox != 0 || (opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE))) {
     *flagsp |= kOptFlagInsecure;
     if (flagsp_local != NULL) {
       *flagsp_local |= kOptFlagInsecure;
     }
   } else if (value_replaced) {
     *flagsp &= ~(unsigned)kOptFlagInsecure;
     if (flagsp_local != NULL) {
       *flagsp_local &= ~(unsigned)kOptFlagInsecure;
     }
   }
 }

 return errmsg;
}

/// Validate the new value for an option.
///
/// @param  opt_idx         Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param  newval[in,out]  New option value. Might be modified.
static const char *validate_option_value(const OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal *newval, int opt_flags,
                                        char *errbuf, size_t errbuflen)
{
 const char *errmsg = NULL;
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];

 // Always allow unsetting local value of global-local option.
 if (option_is_global_local(opt_idx) && (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)
     && optval_equal(*newval, get_option_unset_value(opt_idx))) {
   return NULL;
 }

 if (newval->type == kOptValTypeNil) {
   // Don't try to unset local value if scope is global.
   // TODO(famiu): Change this to forbid changing all non-local scopes when the API scope bug is
   // fixed.
   if (opt_flags == OPT_GLOBAL) {
     errmsg = _("Cannot unset global option value");
   } else {
     *newval = optval_copy(get_option_unset_value(opt_idx));
   }
 } else if (!option_has_type(opt_idx, newval->type)) {
   char *rep = optval_to_cstr(*newval);
   const char *type_str = optval_type_get_name(opt->type);
   snprintf(errbuf, IOSIZE, _("Invalid value for option '%s': expected %s, got %s %s"),
            opt->fullname, type_str, optval_type_get_name(newval->type), rep);
   xfree(rep);
   errmsg = errbuf;
 } else if (newval->type == kOptValTypeNumber) {
   // Validate and bound check num option values.
   errmsg = validate_num_option(opt_idx, &newval->data.number, errbuf, errbuflen);
 }

 return errmsg;
}

/// Set the value of an option using an OptVal.
///
/// @param       opt_idx         Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param       value           New option value. Might get freed.
/// @param       opt_flags       Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
/// @param       set_sid         Script ID. Special values:
///                                0: Use current script ID.
///                                SID_NONE: Don't set script ID.
/// @param       direct          Don't process side-effects.
/// @param       value_replaced  Value was replaced completely.
/// @param[out]  errbuf          Buffer for error message.
/// @param       errbuflen       Length of error buffer.
///
/// @return  NULL on success, an untranslated error message on error.
static const char *set_option(const OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value, int opt_flags, scid_T set_sid,
                             const bool direct, const bool value_replaced, char *errbuf,
                             size_t errbuflen)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);

 const char *errmsg = NULL;

 if (!direct) {
   errmsg = validate_option_value(opt_idx, &value, opt_flags, errbuf, errbuflen);

   if (errmsg != NULL) {
     optval_free(value);
     return errmsg;
   }
 }

 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 const bool scope_local = opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL;
 const bool scope_global = opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL;
 const bool scope_both = !scope_local && !scope_global;
 // Whether local value of global-local option is unset.
 // NOTE: When this is true, it also implies that the option is global-local.
 const bool is_opt_local_unset = is_option_local_value_unset(opt_idx);

 // When using ":set opt=val" for a global option with a local value the local value will be reset,
 // use the global value in that case.
 void *varp
   = scope_both && option_is_global_local(opt_idx) ? opt->var : get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);
 void *varp_local = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_LOCAL);
 void *varp_global = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_GLOBAL);

 OptVal old_value = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp);
 OptVal old_global_value = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp_global);
 // If local value of global-local option is unset, use global value as local value.
 OptVal old_local_value = is_opt_local_unset
                          ? old_global_value
                          : optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp_local);
 // Value that's actually being used.
 // For local scope of a global-local option, it's equal to the global value if the local value is
 // unset. In every other case, it is the same as old_value.
 // This value is used instead of old_value when triggering the OptionSet autocommand.
 OptVal used_old_value = (scope_local && is_opt_local_unset)
                         ? optval_from_varp(opt_idx, get_varp(opt))
                         : old_value;

 // Save the old values and the new value in case they get changed.
 OptVal saved_used_value = optval_copy(used_old_value);
 OptVal saved_old_global_value = optval_copy(old_global_value);
 OptVal saved_old_local_value = optval_copy(old_local_value);
 // New value (and varp) may become invalid if the buffer is closed by autocommands.
 OptVal saved_new_value = optval_copy(value);

 uint32_t *p = insecure_flag(curwin, opt_idx, opt_flags);
 const int secure_saved = secure;

 // When an option is set in the sandbox, from a modeline or in secure mode, then deal with side
 // effects in secure mode. Also when the value was set with the kOptFlagInsecure flag and is not
 // completely replaced.
 if ((opt_flags & OPT_MODELINE) || sandbox != 0 || (!value_replaced && (*p & kOptFlagInsecure))) {
   secure = 1;
 }

 // Set option through its variable pointer.
 set_option_varp(opt_idx, varp, value, false);
 // Process any side effects.
 errmsg = did_set_option(opt_idx, varp, old_value, value, opt_flags, set_sid, direct,
                         value_replaced, errbuf, errbuflen);

 secure = secure_saved;

 if (errmsg == NULL && !direct) {
   if (!starting) {
     apply_optionset_autocmd(opt_idx, opt_flags, saved_used_value, saved_old_global_value,
                             saved_old_local_value, saved_new_value, errmsg);
   }
   if (opt->flags & kOptFlagUIOption) {
     ui_call_option_set(cstr_as_string(opt->fullname), optval_as_object(saved_new_value));
   }
 }

 // Free copied values as they are not needed anymore
 optval_free(saved_used_value);
 optval_free(saved_old_local_value);
 optval_free(saved_old_global_value);
 optval_free(saved_new_value);

 return errmsg;
}

/// Set option value directly, without processing any side effects.
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  value      Option value.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
/// @param  set_sid    Script ID. Special values:
///                      0: Use current script ID.
///                      SID_NONE: Don't set script ID.
void set_option_direct(OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value, int opt_flags, scid_T set_sid)
{
 static char errbuf[IOSIZE];

 if (is_option_hidden(opt_idx)) {
   return;
 }

 const char *errmsg = set_option(opt_idx, optval_copy(value), opt_flags, set_sid, true, true,
                                 errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
 assert(errmsg == NULL);
 (void)errmsg;  // ignore unused warning
}

/// Set option value directly for buffer / window, without processing any side effects.
///
/// @param      opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param      value      Option value.
/// @param      opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
/// @param      set_sid    Script ID. Special values:
///                          0: Use current script ID.
///                          SID_NONE: Don't set script ID.
/// @param      scope      Option scope. See OptScope in option.h.
/// @param[in]  from       Target buffer/window.
void set_option_direct_for(OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value, int opt_flags, scid_T set_sid,
                          OptScope scope, void *const from)
{
 buf_T *save_curbuf = curbuf;
 win_T *save_curwin = curwin;

 // Don't use switch_option_context(), as that calls aucmd_prepbuf(), which may have unintended
 // side-effects when setting an option directly. Just change the values of curbuf and curwin if
 // needed, no need to properly switch the window / buffer.
 switch (scope) {
 case kOptScopeGlobal:
   break;
 case kOptScopeWin:
   curwin = (win_T *)from;
   curbuf = curwin->w_buffer;
   break;
 case kOptScopeBuf:
   curbuf = (buf_T *)from;
   break;
 }

 set_option_direct(opt_idx, value, opt_flags, set_sid);

 curwin = save_curwin;
 curbuf = save_curbuf;
}

/// Set the value of an option.
///
/// @param      opt_idx    Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
/// @param[in]  value      Option value. If NIL_OPTVAL, the option value is cleared.
/// @param[in]  opt_flags  Flags: OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL, or 0 (both).
///
/// @return  NULL on success, an untranslated error message on error.
const char *set_option_value(const OptIndex opt_idx, const OptVal value, int opt_flags)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);

 static char errbuf[IOSIZE];
 uint32_t flags = options[opt_idx].flags;

 // Disallow changing some options in the sandbox
 if (sandbox > 0 && (flags & kOptFlagSecure)) {
   return _(e_sandbox);
 }

 return set_option(opt_idx, optval_copy(value), opt_flags, 0, false, true, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
}

/// Unset the local value of a global-local option.
///
/// @param      opt_idx    Index in options[] table. Must not be kOptInvalid.
///
/// @return  NULL on success, an untranslated error message on error.
static inline const char *unset_option_local_value(const OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(option_is_global_local(opt_idx));
 return set_option_value(opt_idx, get_option_unset_value(opt_idx), OPT_LOCAL);
}

/// Set the value of an option. Supports TTY options, unlike set_option_value().
///
/// @param      name       Option name. Used for error messages and for setting TTY options.
/// @param      opt_idx    Option indx in options[] table. If kOptInvalid, `name` is used to
///                        check if the option is a TTY option, and an error is shown if it's not.
///                        If the option is a TTY option, the function fails silently.
/// @param      value      Option value. If NIL_OPTVAL, the option value is cleared.
/// @param[in]  opt_flags  Flags: OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL, or 0 (both).
///
/// @return  NULL on success, an untranslated error message on error.
const char *set_option_value_handle_tty(const char *name, OptIndex opt_idx, const OptVal value,
                                       int opt_flags)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
{
 static char errbuf[IOSIZE];

 if (opt_idx == kOptInvalid) {
   if (is_tty_option(name)) {
     return NULL;  // Fail silently; many old vimrcs set t_xx options.
   }

   snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), _(e_unknown_option2), name);
   return errbuf;
 }

 return set_option_value(opt_idx, value, opt_flags);
}

/// Call set_option_value() and when an error is returned, report it.
///
/// @param  opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  value      Option value. If NIL_OPTVAL, the option value is cleared.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
void set_option_value_give_err(const OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value, int opt_flags)
{
 const char *errmsg = set_option_value(opt_idx, value, opt_flags);

 if (errmsg != NULL) {
   emsg(_(errmsg));
 }
}

/// Switch current context to get/set option value for window/buffer.
///
/// @param[out]  ctx        Current context. switchwin_T for window and aco_save_T for buffer.
/// @param       scope      Option scope. See OptScope in option.h.
/// @param[in]   from       Target buffer/window.
/// @param[out]  err        Error message, if any.
///
/// @return  true if context was switched, false otherwise.
static bool switch_option_context(void *const ctx, OptScope scope, void *const from, Error *err)
{
 switch (scope) {
 case kOptScopeGlobal:
   return false;
 case kOptScopeWin: {
   win_T *const win = (win_T *)from;
   switchwin_T *const switchwin = (switchwin_T *)ctx;

   if (win == curwin) {
     return false;
   }

   if (switch_win_noblock(switchwin, win, win_find_tabpage(win), true)
       == FAIL) {
     restore_win_noblock(switchwin, true);

     if (ERROR_SET(err)) {
       return false;
     }
     api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeException, "Problem while switching windows");
     return false;
   }
   return true;
 }
 case kOptScopeBuf: {
   buf_T *const buf = (buf_T *)from;
   aco_save_T *const aco = (aco_save_T *)ctx;

   if (buf == curbuf) {
     return false;
   }
   aucmd_prepbuf(aco, buf);
   return true;
 }
 }
 UNREACHABLE;
}

/// Restore context after getting/setting option for window/buffer. See switch_option_context() for
/// params.
static void restore_option_context(void *const ctx, OptScope scope)
{
 switch (scope) {
 case kOptScopeGlobal:
   break;
 case kOptScopeWin:
   restore_win_noblock((switchwin_T *)ctx, true);
   break;
 case kOptScopeBuf:
   aucmd_restbuf((aco_save_T *)ctx);
   break;
 }
}

/// Get option value for buffer / window.
///
/// @param       opt_idx    Option index in options[] table.
/// @param[out]  flagsp     Set to the option flags (see OptFlags) (if not NULL).
/// @param[in]   scope      Option scope (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
/// @param[out]  hidden     Whether option is hidden.
/// @param       scope      Option scope. See OptScope in option.h.
/// @param[in]   from       Target buffer/window.
/// @param[out]  err        Error message, if any.
///
/// @return  Option value. Must be freed by caller.
OptVal get_option_value_for(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, const OptScope scope, void *const from,
                           Error *err)
{
 switchwin_T switchwin;
 aco_save_T aco;
 void *ctx = scope == kOptScopeWin ? (void *)&switchwin
                                   : (scope == kOptScopeBuf ? (void *)&aco : NULL);

 bool switched = switch_option_context(ctx, scope, from, err);
 if (ERROR_SET(err)) {
   return NIL_OPTVAL;
 }

 OptVal retv = get_option_value(opt_idx, opt_flags);

 if (switched) {
   restore_option_context(ctx, scope);
 }

 return retv;
}

/// Set option value for buffer / window.
///
/// @param       name        Option name.
/// @param       opt_idx     Option index in options[] table.
/// @param[in]   value       Option value.
/// @param[in]   opt_flags   Flags: OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL, or 0 (both).
/// @param       scope       Option scope. See OptScope in option.h.
/// @param[in]   from        Target buffer/window.
/// @param[out]  err         Error message, if any.
void set_option_value_for(const char *name, OptIndex opt_idx, OptVal value, const int opt_flags,
                         const OptScope scope, void *const from, Error *err)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
{
 switchwin_T switchwin;
 aco_save_T aco;
 void *ctx = scope == kOptScopeWin ? (void *)&switchwin
                                   : (scope == kOptScopeBuf ? (void *)&aco : NULL);

 bool switched = switch_option_context(ctx, scope, from, err);
 if (ERROR_SET(err)) {
   return;
 }

 const char *const errmsg = set_option_value_handle_tty(name, opt_idx, value, opt_flags);
 if (errmsg) {
   api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeException, "%s", errmsg);
 }

 if (switched) {
   restore_option_context(ctx, scope);
 }
}

/// if 'all' == false: show changed options
/// if 'all' == true: show all normal options
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
static void showoptions(bool all, int opt_flags)
{
#define INC 20
#define GAP 3

 vimoption_T **items = xmalloc(sizeof(vimoption_T *) * OPTION_COUNT);

 msg_ext_set_kind("list_cmd");
 // Highlight title
 if (opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) {
   msg_puts_title(_("\n--- Global option values ---"));
 } else if (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) {
   msg_puts_title(_("\n--- Local option values ---"));
 } else {
   msg_puts_title(_("\n--- Options ---"));
 }

 // Do the loop two times:
 // 1. display the short items
 // 2. display the long items (only strings and numbers)
 // When "opt_flags" has OPT_ONECOLUMN do everything in run 2.
 for (int run = 1; run <= 2 && !got_int; run++) {
   // collect the items in items[]
   int item_count = 0;
   vimoption_T *opt;
   for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
     opt = &options[opt_idx];
     // apply :filter /pat/
     if (message_filtered(opt->fullname)) {
       continue;
     }

     void *varp = NULL;
     if ((opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) != 0) {
       if (!option_is_global_only(opt_idx)) {
         varp = get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);
       }
     } else {
       varp = get_varp(opt);
     }
     if (varp != NULL && (all || !optval_default(opt_idx, varp))) {
       int len;
       if (opt_flags & OPT_ONECOLUMN) {
         len = Columns;
       } else if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean)) {
         len = 1;                      // a toggle option fits always
       } else {
         option_value2string(opt, opt_flags);
         len = (int)strlen(opt->fullname) + vim_strsize(NameBuff) + 1;
       }
       if ((len <= INC - GAP && run == 1)
           || (len > INC - GAP && run == 2)) {
         items[item_count++] = opt;
       }
     }
   }

   int rows;

   // display the items
   if (run == 1) {
     assert(Columns <= INT_MAX - GAP
            && Columns + GAP >= INT_MIN + 3
            && (Columns + GAP - 3) / INC >= INT_MIN
            && (Columns + GAP - 3) / INC <= INT_MAX);
     int cols = (Columns + GAP - 3) / INC;
     if (cols == 0) {
       cols = 1;
     }
     rows = (item_count + cols - 1) / cols;
   } else {    // run == 2
     rows = item_count;
   }
   for (int row = 0; row < rows && !got_int; row++) {
     msg_putchar('\n');                        // go to next line
     if (got_int) {                            // 'q' typed in more
       break;
     }
     int col = 0;
     for (int i = row; i < item_count; i += rows) {
       msg_advance(col);                       // make columns
       showoneopt(items[i], opt_flags);
       col += INC;
     }
     os_breakcheck();
   }
 }
 xfree(items);
}

/// Return true if option "p" has its default value.
static int optval_default(OptIndex opt_idx, void *varp)
{
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];

 // Hidden options always use their default value.
 if (is_option_hidden(opt_idx)) {
   return true;
 }

 OptVal current_val = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp);
 OptVal default_val = opt->def_val;

 return optval_equal(current_val, default_val);
}

/// Send update to UIs with values of UI relevant options
void ui_refresh_options(void)
{
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   uint32_t flags = options[opt_idx].flags;
   if (!(flags & kOptFlagUIOption)) {
     continue;
   }
   String name = cstr_as_string(options[opt_idx].fullname);
   Object value = optval_as_object(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, options[opt_idx].var));
   ui_call_option_set(name, value);
 }
 if (p_mouse != NULL) {
   setmouse();
 }
}

/// showoneopt: show the value of one option
/// must not be called with a hidden option!
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
static void showoneopt(vimoption_T *opt, int opt_flags)
{
 int save_silent = silent_mode;

 silent_mode = false;
 info_message = true;          // use stdout, not stderr

 OptIndex opt_idx = get_opt_idx(opt);
 void *varp = get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);

 // for 'modified' we also need to check if 'ff' or 'fenc' changed.
 if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean)
     && ((int *)varp == &curbuf->b_changed ? !curbufIsChanged() : !*(int *)varp)) {
   msg_puts("no");
 } else if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean) && *(int *)varp < 0) {
   msg_puts("--");
 } else {
   msg_puts("  ");
 }
 msg_puts(opt->fullname);
 if (!(option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean))) {
   msg_putchar('=');
   // put value string in NameBuff
   option_value2string(opt, opt_flags);
   if (*NameBuff != NUL) {
     msg_outtrans(NameBuff, 0, false);
   }
 }

 silent_mode = save_silent;
 info_message = false;
}

/// Write modified options as ":set" commands to a file.
///
/// There are three values for "opt_flags":
/// OPT_GLOBAL:         Write global option values and fresh values of
///             buffer-local options (used for start of a session
///             file).
/// OPT_GLOBAL + OPT_LOCAL: Idem, add fresh values of window-local options for
///             curwin (used for a vimrc file).
/// OPT_LOCAL:          Write buffer-local option values for curbuf, fresh
///             and local values for window-local options of
///             curwin.  Local values are also written when at the
///             default value, because a modeline or autocommand
///             may have set them when doing ":edit file" and the
///             user has set them back at the default or fresh
///             value.
///             When "local_only" is true, don't write fresh
///             values, only local values (for ":mkview").
/// (fresh value = value used for a new buffer or window for a local option).
///
/// Return FAIL on error, OK otherwise.
int makeset(FILE *fd, int opt_flags, int local_only)
{
 // Some options are never written:
 // - Options that don't have a default (terminal name, columns, lines).
 // - Terminal options.
 // - Hidden options.
 //
 // Do the loop over "options[]" twice: once for options with the
 // kOptFlagPriMkrc flag and once without.
 for (int pri = 1; pri >= 0; pri--) {
   vimoption_T *opt;
   for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
     opt = &options[opt_idx];

     if (!(opt->flags & kOptFlagNoMkrc)
         && ((pri == 1) == ((opt->flags & kOptFlagPriMkrc) != 0))) {
       // skip global option when only doing locals
       if (option_is_global_only(opt_idx) && !(opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL)) {
         continue;
       }

       // Do not store options like 'bufhidden' and 'syntax' in a vimrc
       // file, they are always buffer-specific.
       if ((opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) && (opt->flags & kOptFlagNoGlob)) {
         continue;
       }

       void *varp = get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);  // currently used value
       // Hidden options are never written.
       if (!varp) {
         continue;
       }
       // Global values are only written when not at the default value.
       if ((opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) && optval_default(opt_idx, varp)) {
         continue;
       }

       if ((opt_flags & OPT_SKIPRTP)
           && (opt->var == &p_rtp || opt->var == &p_pp)) {
         continue;
       }

       int round = 2;
       void *varp_local = NULL;  // fresh value
       if (option_is_window_local(opt_idx)) {
         // skip window-local option when only doing globals
         if (!(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL)) {
           continue;
         }
         // When fresh value of window-local option is not at the
         // default, need to write it too.
         if (!(opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) && !local_only) {
           void *varp_fresh = get_varp_scope(opt, OPT_GLOBAL);  // local value
           if (!optval_default(opt_idx, varp_fresh)) {
             round = 1;
             varp_local = varp;
             varp = varp_fresh;
           }
         }
       }

       // Round 1: fresh value for window-local options.
       // Round 2: other values
       for (; round <= 2; varp = varp_local, round++) {
         char *cmd;
         if (round == 1 || (opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL)) {
           cmd = "set";
         } else {
           cmd = "setlocal";
         }

         bool do_endif = false;
         // Don't set 'syntax' and 'filetype' again if the value is already right, avoids reloading
         // the syntax file.
         if (opt_idx == kOptSyntax || opt_idx == kOptFiletype) {
           if (fprintf(fd, "if &%s != '%s'", opt->fullname,
                       *(char **)(varp)) < 0
               || put_eol(fd) < 0) {
             return FAIL;
           }
           do_endif = true;
         }
         if (put_set(fd, cmd, opt_idx, varp) == FAIL) {
           return FAIL;
         }
         if (do_endif) {
           if (put_line(fd, "endif") == FAIL) {
             return FAIL;
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }
 }
 return OK;
}

/// Generate set commands for the local fold options only.  Used when
/// 'sessionoptions' or 'viewoptions' contains "folds" but not "options".
int makefoldset(FILE *fd)
{
 if (put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldmethod, &curwin->w_p_fdm) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldexpr, &curwin->w_p_fde) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldmarker, &curwin->w_p_fmr) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldignore, &curwin->w_p_fdi) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldlevel, &curwin->w_p_fdl) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldminlines, &curwin->w_p_fml) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldnestmax, &curwin->w_p_fdn) == FAIL
     || put_set(fd, "setlocal", kOptFoldenable, &curwin->w_p_fen) == FAIL) {
   return FAIL;
 }

 return OK;
}

/// Print the ":set" command to set a single option to file.
///
/// @param  fd       File descriptor.
/// @param  cmd      Command name.
/// @param  opt_idx  Option index in options[] table.
/// @param  varp     Pointer to option variable.
///
/// @return FAIL on error, OK otherwise.
static int put_set(FILE *fd, char *cmd, OptIndex opt_idx, void *varp)
{
 OptVal value = optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp);
 vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];
 char *name = opt->fullname;
 uint64_t flags = opt->flags;

 if (option_is_global_local(opt_idx) && varp != opt->var
     && optval_equal(value, get_option_unset_value(opt_idx))) {
   // Processing unset local value of global-local option. Do nothing.
   return OK;
 }

 switch (value.type) {
 case kOptValTypeNil:
   abort();
 case kOptValTypeBoolean: {
   assert(value.data.boolean != kNone);
   bool value_bool = TRISTATE_TO_BOOL(value.data.boolean, false);

   if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s%s", cmd, value_bool ? "" : "no", name) < 0) {
     return FAIL;
   }
   break;
 }
 case kOptValTypeNumber: {
   if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s=", cmd, name) < 0) {
     return FAIL;
   }

   OptInt value_num = value.data.number;

   OptInt wc;
   if (wc_use_keyname(varp, &wc)) {
     // print 'wildchar' and 'wildcharm' as a key name
     if (fputs(get_special_key_name((int)wc, 0), fd) < 0) {
       return FAIL;
     }
   } else if (fprintf(fd, "%" PRId64, value_num) < 0) {
     return FAIL;
   }
   break;
 }
 case kOptValTypeString: {
   if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s=", cmd, name) < 0) {
     return FAIL;
   }

   const char *value_str = value.data.string.data;
   char *buf = NULL;
   char *part = NULL;

   if (value_str != NULL) {
     if ((flags & kOptFlagExpand) != 0) {
       size_t size = (size_t)strlen(value_str) + 1;

       // replace home directory in the whole option value into "buf"
       buf = xmalloc(size);
       home_replace(NULL, value_str, buf, size, false);

       // If the option value is longer than MAXPATHL, we need to append
       // each comma separated part of the option separately, so that it
       // can be expanded when read back.
       if (size >= MAXPATHL && (flags & kOptFlagComma) != 0
           && vim_strchr(value_str, ',') != NULL) {
         part = xmalloc(size);

         // write line break to clear the option, e.g. ':set rtp='
         if (put_eol(fd) == FAIL) {
           goto fail;
         }
         char *p = buf;
         while (*p != NUL) {
           // for each comma separated option part, append value to
           // the option, :set rtp+=value
           if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s+=", cmd, name) < 0) {
             goto fail;
           }
           copy_option_part(&p, part, size, ",");
           if (put_escstr(fd, part, 2) == FAIL || put_eol(fd) == FAIL) {
             goto fail;
           }
         }
         xfree(buf);
         xfree(part);
         return OK;
       }
       if (put_escstr(fd, buf, 2) == FAIL) {
         xfree(buf);
         return FAIL;
       }
       xfree(buf);
     } else if (put_escstr(fd, value_str, 2) == FAIL) {
       return FAIL;
     }
   }
   break;
 fail:
   xfree(buf);
   xfree(part);
   return FAIL;
 }
 }

 if (put_eol(fd) < 0) {
   return FAIL;
 }
 return OK;
}

void *get_varp_scope_from(vimoption_T *p, int opt_flags, buf_T *buf, win_T *win)
{
 OptIndex opt_idx = get_opt_idx(p);

 if ((opt_flags & OPT_GLOBAL) && !option_is_global_only(opt_idx)) {
   if (option_is_window_local(opt_idx)) {
     return GLOBAL_WO(get_varp_from(p, buf, win));
   }
   return p->var;
 }

 if ((opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) && option_is_global_local(opt_idx)) {
   switch (opt_idx) {
   case kOptFormatprg:
     return &(buf->b_p_fp);
   case kOptFsync:
     return &(buf->b_p_fs);
   case kOptFindfunc:
     return &(buf->b_p_ffu);
   case kOptErrorformat:
     return &(buf->b_p_efm);
   case kOptGrepformat:
     return &(buf->b_p_gefm);
   case kOptGrepprg:
     return &(buf->b_p_gp);
   case kOptMakeprg:
     return &(buf->b_p_mp);
   case kOptEqualprg:
     return &(buf->b_p_ep);
   case kOptKeywordprg:
     return &(buf->b_p_kp);
   case kOptPath:
     return &(buf->b_p_path);
   case kOptAutocomplete:
     return &(buf->b_p_ac);
   case kOptAutoread:
     return &(buf->b_p_ar);
   case kOptTags:
     return &(buf->b_p_tags);
   case kOptTagcase:
     return &(buf->b_p_tc);
   case kOptSidescrolloff:
     return &(win->w_p_siso);
   case kOptScrolloff:
     return &(win->w_p_so);
   case kOptDefine:
     return &(buf->b_p_def);
   case kOptInclude:
     return &(buf->b_p_inc);
   case kOptCompleteopt:
     return &(buf->b_p_cot);
   case kOptDictionary:
     return &(buf->b_p_dict);
   case kOptDiffanchors:
     return &(buf->b_p_dia);
   case kOptThesaurus:
     return &(buf->b_p_tsr);
   case kOptThesaurusfunc:
     return &(buf->b_p_tsrfu);
   case kOptTagfunc:
     return &(buf->b_p_tfu);
   case kOptShowbreak:
     return &(win->w_p_sbr);
   case kOptStatusline:
     return &(win->w_p_stl);
   case kOptWinbar:
     return &(win->w_p_wbr);
   case kOptUndolevels:
     return &(buf->b_p_ul);
   case kOptLispwords:
     return &(buf->b_p_lw);
   case kOptBackupcopy:
     return &(buf->b_p_bkc);
   case kOptMakeencoding:
     return &(buf->b_p_menc);
   case kOptFillchars:
     return &(win->w_p_fcs);
   case kOptListchars:
     return &(win->w_p_lcs);
   case kOptVirtualedit:
     return &(win->w_p_ve);
   default:
     abort();
   }
 }
 return get_varp_from(p, buf, win);
}

/// Get pointer to option variable, depending on local or global scope.
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
void *get_varp_scope(vimoption_T *p, int opt_flags)
{
 return get_varp_scope_from(p, opt_flags, curbuf, curwin);
}

/// Get pointer to option variable at 'opt_idx', depending on local or global
/// scope.
void *get_option_varp_scope_from(OptIndex opt_idx, int opt_flags, buf_T *buf, win_T *win)
{
 return get_varp_scope_from(&(options[opt_idx]), opt_flags, buf, win);
}

void *get_varp_from(vimoption_T *p, buf_T *buf, win_T *win)
{
 OptIndex opt_idx = get_opt_idx(p);

 // Hidden options and global-only options always use the same var pointer
 if (is_option_hidden(opt_idx) || option_is_global_only(opt_idx)) {
   return p->var;
 }

 switch (opt_idx) {
 // global option with local value: use local value if it's been set
 case kOptEqualprg:
   return *buf->b_p_ep != NUL ? &buf->b_p_ep : p->var;
 case kOptKeywordprg:
   return *buf->b_p_kp != NUL ? &buf->b_p_kp : p->var;
 case kOptPath:
   return *buf->b_p_path != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_path) : p->var;
 case kOptAutocomplete:
   return buf->b_p_ac >= 0 ? &(buf->b_p_ac) : p->var;
 case kOptAutoread:
   return buf->b_p_ar >= 0 ? &(buf->b_p_ar) : p->var;
 case kOptTags:
   return *buf->b_p_tags != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_tags) : p->var;
 case kOptTagcase:
   return *buf->b_p_tc != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_tc) : p->var;
 case kOptSidescrolloff:
   return win->w_p_siso >= 0 ? &(win->w_p_siso) : p->var;
 case kOptScrolloff:
   return win->w_p_so >= 0 ? &(win->w_p_so) : p->var;
 case kOptBackupcopy:
   return *buf->b_p_bkc != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_bkc) : p->var;
 case kOptDefine:
   return *buf->b_p_def != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_def) : p->var;
 case kOptInclude:
   return *buf->b_p_inc != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_inc) : p->var;
 case kOptCompleteopt:
   return *buf->b_p_cot != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_cot) : p->var;
 case kOptDictionary:
   return *buf->b_p_dict != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_dict) : p->var;
 case kOptDiffanchors:
   return *buf->b_p_dia != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_dia) : p->var;
 case kOptThesaurus:
   return *buf->b_p_tsr != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_tsr) : p->var;
 case kOptThesaurusfunc:
   return *buf->b_p_tsrfu != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_tsrfu) : p->var;
 case kOptFormatprg:
   return *buf->b_p_fp != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_fp) : p->var;
 case kOptFsync:
   return buf->b_p_fs >= 0 ? &(buf->b_p_fs) : p->var;
 case kOptFindfunc:
   return *buf->b_p_ffu != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_ffu) : p->var;
 case kOptErrorformat:
   return *buf->b_p_efm != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_efm) : p->var;
 case kOptGrepformat:
   return *buf->b_p_gefm != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_gefm) : p->var;
 case kOptGrepprg:
   return *buf->b_p_gp != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_gp) : p->var;
 case kOptMakeprg:
   return *buf->b_p_mp != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_mp) : p->var;
 case kOptShowbreak:
   return *win->w_p_sbr != NUL ? &(win->w_p_sbr) : p->var;
 case kOptStatusline:
   return *win->w_p_stl != NUL ? &(win->w_p_stl) : p->var;
 case kOptWinbar:
   return *win->w_p_wbr != NUL ? &(win->w_p_wbr) : p->var;
 case kOptUndolevels:
   return buf->b_p_ul != NO_LOCAL_UNDOLEVEL ? &(buf->b_p_ul) : p->var;
 case kOptLispwords:
   return *buf->b_p_lw != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_lw) : p->var;
 case kOptMakeencoding:
   return *buf->b_p_menc != NUL ? &(buf->b_p_menc) : p->var;
 case kOptFillchars:
   return *win->w_p_fcs != NUL ? &(win->w_p_fcs) : p->var;
 case kOptListchars:
   return *win->w_p_lcs != NUL ? &(win->w_p_lcs) : p->var;
 case kOptVirtualedit:
   return *win->w_p_ve != NUL ? &win->w_p_ve : p->var;

 case kOptArabic:
   return &(win->w_p_arab);
 case kOptList:
   return &(win->w_p_list);
 case kOptSpell:
   return &(win->w_p_spell);
 case kOptCursorcolumn:
   return &(win->w_p_cuc);
 case kOptCursorline:
   return &(win->w_p_cul);
 case kOptCursorlineopt:
   return &(win->w_p_culopt);
 case kOptColorcolumn:
   return &(win->w_p_cc);
 case kOptDiff:
   return &(win->w_p_diff);
 case kOptEventignorewin:
   return &(win->w_p_eiw);
 case kOptFoldcolumn:
   return &(win->w_p_fdc);
 case kOptFoldenable:
   return &(win->w_p_fen);
 case kOptFoldignore:
   return &(win->w_p_fdi);
 case kOptFoldlevel:
   return &(win->w_p_fdl);
 case kOptFoldmethod:
   return &(win->w_p_fdm);
 case kOptFoldminlines:
   return &(win->w_p_fml);
 case kOptFoldnestmax:
   return &(win->w_p_fdn);
 case kOptFoldexpr:
   return &(win->w_p_fde);
 case kOptFoldtext:
   return &(win->w_p_fdt);
 case kOptFoldmarker:
   return &(win->w_p_fmr);
 case kOptNumber:
   return &(win->w_p_nu);
 case kOptRelativenumber:
   return &(win->w_p_rnu);
 case kOptNumberwidth:
   return &(win->w_p_nuw);
 case kOptWinfixbuf:
   return &(win->w_p_wfb);
 case kOptWinfixheight:
   return &(win->w_p_wfh);
 case kOptWinfixwidth:
   return &(win->w_p_wfw);
 case kOptPreviewwindow:
   return &(win->w_p_pvw);
 case kOptLhistory:
   return &(win->w_p_lhi);
 case kOptRightleft:
   return &(win->w_p_rl);
 case kOptRightleftcmd:
   return &(win->w_p_rlc);
 case kOptScroll:
   return &(win->w_p_scr);
 case kOptSmoothscroll:
   return &(win->w_p_sms);
 case kOptWrap:
   return &(win->w_p_wrap);
 case kOptLinebreak:
   return &(win->w_p_lbr);
 case kOptBreakindent:
   return &(win->w_p_bri);
 case kOptBreakindentopt:
   return &(win->w_p_briopt);
 case kOptScrollbind:
   return &(win->w_p_scb);
 case kOptCursorbind:
   return &(win->w_p_crb);
 case kOptConcealcursor:
   return &(win->w_p_cocu);
 case kOptConceallevel:
   return &(win->w_p_cole);

 case kOptAutoindent:
   return &(buf->b_p_ai);
 case kOptBinary:
   return &(buf->b_p_bin);
 case kOptBomb:
   return &(buf->b_p_bomb);
 case kOptBufhidden:
   return &(buf->b_p_bh);
 case kOptBuftype:
   return &(buf->b_p_bt);
 case kOptBuflisted:
   return &(buf->b_p_bl);
 case kOptBusy:
   return &(buf->b_p_busy);
 case kOptChannel:
   return &(buf->b_p_channel);
 case kOptCopyindent:
   return &(buf->b_p_ci);
 case kOptCindent:
   return &(buf->b_p_cin);
 case kOptCinkeys:
   return &(buf->b_p_cink);
 case kOptCinoptions:
   return &(buf->b_p_cino);
 case kOptCinscopedecls:
   return &(buf->b_p_cinsd);
 case kOptCinwords:
   return &(buf->b_p_cinw);
 case kOptComments:
   return &(buf->b_p_com);
 case kOptCommentstring:
   return &(buf->b_p_cms);
 case kOptComplete:
   return &(buf->b_p_cpt);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
 case kOptCompleteslash:
   return &(buf->b_p_csl);
#endif
 case kOptCompletefunc:
   return &(buf->b_p_cfu);
 case kOptOmnifunc:
   return &(buf->b_p_ofu);
 case kOptEndoffile:
   return &(buf->b_p_eof);
 case kOptEndofline:
   return &(buf->b_p_eol);
 case kOptFixendofline:
   return &(buf->b_p_fixeol);
 case kOptExpandtab:
   return &(buf->b_p_et);
 case kOptFileencoding:
   return &(buf->b_p_fenc);
 case kOptFileformat:
   return &(buf->b_p_ff);
 case kOptFiletype:
   return &(buf->b_p_ft);
 case kOptFormatoptions:
   return &(buf->b_p_fo);
 case kOptFormatlistpat:
   return &(buf->b_p_flp);
 case kOptIminsert:
   return &(buf->b_p_iminsert);
 case kOptImsearch:
   return &(buf->b_p_imsearch);
 case kOptInfercase:
   return &(buf->b_p_inf);
 case kOptIskeyword:
   return &(buf->b_p_isk);
 case kOptIncludeexpr:
   return &(buf->b_p_inex);
 case kOptIndentexpr:
   return &(buf->b_p_inde);
 case kOptIndentkeys:
   return &(buf->b_p_indk);
 case kOptFormatexpr:
   return &(buf->b_p_fex);
 case kOptLisp:
   return &(buf->b_p_lisp);
 case kOptLispoptions:
   return &(buf->b_p_lop);
 case kOptModeline:
   return &(buf->b_p_ml);
 case kOptMatchpairs:
   return &(buf->b_p_mps);
 case kOptModifiable:
   return &(buf->b_p_ma);
 case kOptModified:
   return &(buf->b_changed);
 case kOptNrformats:
   return &(buf->b_p_nf);
 case kOptPreserveindent:
   return &(buf->b_p_pi);
 case kOptQuoteescape:
   return &(buf->b_p_qe);
 case kOptReadonly:
   return &(buf->b_p_ro);
 case kOptScrollback:
   return &(buf->b_p_scbk);
 case kOptSmartindent:
   return &(buf->b_p_si);
 case kOptSofttabstop:
   return &(buf->b_p_sts);
 case kOptSuffixesadd:
   return &(buf->b_p_sua);
 case kOptSwapfile:
   return &(buf->b_p_swf);
 case kOptSynmaxcol:
   return &(buf->b_p_smc);
 case kOptSyntax:
   return &(buf->b_p_syn);
 case kOptSpellcapcheck:
   return &(win->w_s->b_p_spc);
 case kOptSpellfile:
   return &(win->w_s->b_p_spf);
 case kOptSpelllang:
   return &(win->w_s->b_p_spl);
 case kOptSpelloptions:
   return &(win->w_s->b_p_spo);
 case kOptShiftwidth:
   return &(buf->b_p_sw);
 case kOptTagfunc:
   return &(buf->b_p_tfu);
 case kOptTabstop:
   return &(buf->b_p_ts);
 case kOptTextwidth:
   return &(buf->b_p_tw);
 case kOptUndofile:
   return &(buf->b_p_udf);
 case kOptWrapmargin:
   return &(buf->b_p_wm);
 case kOptVarsofttabstop:
   return &(buf->b_p_vsts);
 case kOptVartabstop:
   return &(buf->b_p_vts);
 case kOptKeymap:
   return &(buf->b_p_keymap);
 case kOptSigncolumn:
   return &(win->w_p_scl);
 case kOptWinhighlight:
   return &(win->w_p_winhl);
 case kOptWinblend:
   return &(win->w_p_winbl);
 case kOptStatuscolumn:
   return &(win->w_p_stc);
 default:
   iemsg(_("E356: get_varp ERROR"));
 }
 // always return a valid pointer to avoid a crash!
 return &(buf->b_p_wm);
}

/// Get option index from option pointer
static inline OptIndex get_opt_idx(vimoption_T *opt)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_PURE
{
 return (OptIndex)(opt - options);
}

/// Get pointer to option variable.
static inline void *get_varp(vimoption_T *p)
{
 return get_varp_from(p, curbuf, curwin);
}

/// Get the value of 'equalprg', either the buffer-local one or the global one.
char *get_equalprg(void)
{
 if (*curbuf->b_p_ep == NUL) {
   return p_ep;
 }
 return curbuf->b_p_ep;
}

/// Get the value of 'findfunc', either the buffer-local one or the global one.
char *get_findfunc(void)
{
 if (*curbuf->b_p_ffu == NUL) {
   return p_ffu;
 }
 return curbuf->b_p_ffu;
}

/// Copy options from one window to another.
/// Used when splitting a window.
void win_copy_options(win_T *wp_from, win_T *wp_to)
{
 copy_winopt(&wp_from->w_onebuf_opt, &wp_to->w_onebuf_opt);
 copy_winopt(&wp_from->w_allbuf_opt, &wp_to->w_allbuf_opt);
 didset_window_options(wp_to, true);
}

static char *copy_option_val(const char *val)
{
 if (val == empty_string_option) {
   return empty_string_option;  // no need to allocate memory
 }
 return xstrdup(val);
}

/// Copy the options from one winopt_T to another.
/// Doesn't free the old option values in "to", use clear_winopt() for that.
/// The 'scroll' option is not copied, because it depends on the window height.
/// The 'previewwindow' option is reset, there can be only one preview window.
void copy_winopt(winopt_T *from, winopt_T *to)
{
 to->wo_arab = from->wo_arab;
 to->wo_list = from->wo_list;
 to->wo_lcs = copy_option_val(from->wo_lcs);
 to->wo_fcs = copy_option_val(from->wo_fcs);
 to->wo_nu = from->wo_nu;
 to->wo_rnu = from->wo_rnu;
 to->wo_ve = copy_option_val(from->wo_ve);
 to->wo_ve_flags = from->wo_ve_flags;
 to->wo_nuw = from->wo_nuw;
 to->wo_rl = from->wo_rl;
 to->wo_rlc = copy_option_val(from->wo_rlc);
 to->wo_sbr = copy_option_val(from->wo_sbr);
 to->wo_stl = copy_option_val(from->wo_stl);
 to->wo_wbr = copy_option_val(from->wo_wbr);
 to->wo_wrap = from->wo_wrap;
 to->wo_wrap_save = from->wo_wrap_save;
 to->wo_lbr = from->wo_lbr;
 to->wo_bri = from->wo_bri;
 to->wo_briopt = copy_option_val(from->wo_briopt);
 to->wo_scb = from->wo_scb;
 to->wo_scb_save = from->wo_scb_save;
 to->wo_sms = from->wo_sms;
 to->wo_crb = from->wo_crb;
 to->wo_crb_save = from->wo_crb_save;
 to->wo_siso = from->wo_siso;
 to->wo_so = from->wo_so;
 to->wo_spell = from->wo_spell;
 to->wo_cuc = from->wo_cuc;
 to->wo_cul = from->wo_cul;
 to->wo_culopt = copy_option_val(from->wo_culopt);
 to->wo_cc = copy_option_val(from->wo_cc);
 to->wo_diff = from->wo_diff;
 to->wo_diff_saved = from->wo_diff_saved;
 to->wo_eiw = copy_option_val(from->wo_eiw);
 to->wo_cocu = copy_option_val(from->wo_cocu);
 to->wo_cole = from->wo_cole;
 to->wo_fdc = copy_option_val(from->wo_fdc);
 to->wo_fdc_save = from->wo_diff_saved ? xstrdup(from->wo_fdc_save) : empty_string_option;
 to->wo_fen = from->wo_fen;
 to->wo_fen_save = from->wo_fen_save;
 to->wo_fdi = copy_option_val(from->wo_fdi);
 to->wo_fml = from->wo_fml;
 to->wo_fdl = from->wo_fdl;
 to->wo_fdl_save = from->wo_fdl_save;
 to->wo_fdm = copy_option_val(from->wo_fdm);
 to->wo_fdm_save = from->wo_diff_saved ? xstrdup(from->wo_fdm_save) : empty_string_option;
 to->wo_fdn = from->wo_fdn;
 to->wo_fde = copy_option_val(from->wo_fde);
 to->wo_fdt = copy_option_val(from->wo_fdt);
 to->wo_fmr = copy_option_val(from->wo_fmr);
 to->wo_scl = copy_option_val(from->wo_scl);
 to->wo_lhi = from->wo_lhi;
 to->wo_winhl = copy_option_val(from->wo_winhl);
 to->wo_winbl = from->wo_winbl;
 to->wo_stc = copy_option_val(from->wo_stc);

 to->wo_wrap_flags = from->wo_wrap_flags;
 to->wo_stl_flags = from->wo_stl_flags;
 to->wo_wbr_flags = from->wo_wbr_flags;
 to->wo_fde_flags = from->wo_fde_flags;
 to->wo_fdt_flags = from->wo_fdt_flags;

 // Copy the script context so that we know were the value was last set.
 memmove(to->wo_script_ctx, from->wo_script_ctx, sizeof(to->wo_script_ctx));
 check_winopt(to);             // don't want NULL pointers
}

/// Check string options in a window for a NULL value.
static void check_win_options(win_T *win)
{
 check_winopt(&win->w_onebuf_opt);
 check_winopt(&win->w_allbuf_opt);
}

/// Check for NULL pointers in a winopt_T and replace them with empty_string_option.
static void check_winopt(winopt_T *wop)
{
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdc);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdc_save);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdi);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdm);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdm_save);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fde);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fdt);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fmr);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_eiw);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_scl);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_rlc);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_sbr);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_stl);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_culopt);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_cc);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_cocu);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_briopt);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_winhl);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_lcs);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_fcs);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_ve);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_wbr);
 check_string_option(&wop->wo_stc);
}

/// Free the allocated memory inside a winopt_T.
void clear_winopt(winopt_T *wop)
{
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdc);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdc_save);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdi);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdm);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdm_save);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fde);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fdt);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fmr);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_eiw);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_scl);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_rlc);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_sbr);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_stl);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_culopt);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_cc);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_cocu);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_briopt);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_winhl);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_lcs);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_fcs);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_ve);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_wbr);
 clear_string_option(&wop->wo_stc);
}

void didset_window_options(win_T *wp, bool valid_cursor)
{
 // Set w_leftcol or w_skipcol to zero.
 if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
   wp->w_leftcol = 0;
 } else {
   wp->w_skipcol = 0;
 }
 check_colorcolumn(NULL, wp);
 briopt_check(NULL, wp);
 fill_culopt_flags(NULL, wp);
 set_chars_option(wp, wp->w_p_fcs, kFillchars, true, NULL, 0);
 set_chars_option(wp, wp->w_p_lcs, kListchars, true, NULL, 0);
 parse_winhl_opt(NULL, wp);  // sets w_hl_needs_update also for w_p_winbl
 check_blending(wp);
 set_winbar_win(wp, false, valid_cursor);
 check_signcolumn(NULL, wp);
 wp->w_grid_alloc.blending = wp->w_p_winbl > 0;
}

#define COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, bv) buf->b_p_script_ctx[bv] = options[buf_opt_idx[bv]].script_ctx

/// Copy global option values to local options for one buffer.
/// Used when creating a new buffer and sometimes when entering a buffer.
/// flags:
/// BCO_ENTER    We will enter the buffer "buf".
/// BCO_ALWAYS   Always copy the options, but only set b_p_initialized when
///      appropriate.
/// BCO_NOHELP   Don't copy the values to a help buffer.
void buf_copy_options(buf_T *buf, int flags)
{
 bool should_copy = true;
 char *save_p_isk = NULL;           // init for GCC
 bool did_isk = false;

 // Skip this when the option defaults have not been set yet.  Happens when
 // main() allocates the first buffer.
 if (p_cpo != NULL) {
   //
   // Always copy when entering and 'cpo' contains 'S'.
   // Don't copy when already initialized.
   // Don't copy when 'cpo' contains 's' and not entering.
   //    'S'      BCO_ENTER  initialized  's'  should_copy
   //    yes        yes          X         X      true
   //    yes        no          yes        X      false
   //    no          X          yes        X      false
   //     X         no          no        yes     false
   //     X         no          no        no      true
   //    no         yes         no         X      true
   ///
   if ((vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_BUFOPTGLOB) == NULL || !(flags & BCO_ENTER))
       && (buf->b_p_initialized
           || (!(flags & BCO_ENTER)
               && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_BUFOPT) != NULL))) {
     should_copy = false;
   }

   if (should_copy || (flags & BCO_ALWAYS)) {
     CLEAR_FIELD(buf->b_p_script_ctx);
     // Don't copy the options specific to a help buffer when
     // BCO_NOHELP is given or the options were initialized already
     // (jumping back to a help file with CTRL-T or CTRL-O)
     bool dont_do_help = ((flags & BCO_NOHELP) && buf->b_help) || buf->b_p_initialized;
     if (dont_do_help) {               // don't free b_p_isk
       save_p_isk = buf->b_p_isk;
       buf->b_p_isk = NULL;
     }
     // Always free the allocated strings.  If not already initialized,
     // reset 'readonly' and copy 'fileformat'.
     if (!buf->b_p_initialized) {
       free_buf_options(buf, true);
       buf->b_p_ro = false;                    // don't copy readonly
       buf->b_p_fenc = xstrdup(p_fenc);
       switch (*p_ffs) {
       case 'm':
         buf->b_p_ff = xstrdup("mac");
         break;
       case 'd':
         buf->b_p_ff = xstrdup("dos");
         break;
       case 'u':
         buf->b_p_ff = xstrdup("unix");
         break;
       default:
         buf->b_p_ff = xstrdup(p_ff);
         break;
       }
       buf->b_p_bh = empty_string_option;
       buf->b_p_bt = empty_string_option;
     } else {
       free_buf_options(buf, false);
     }

     buf->b_p_ai = p_ai;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptAutoindent);
     buf->b_p_ai_nopaste = p_ai_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_sw = p_sw;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptShiftwidth);
     buf->b_p_scbk = p_scbk;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptScrollback);
     buf->b_p_tw = p_tw;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptTextwidth);
     buf->b_p_tw_nopaste = p_tw_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_tw_nobin = p_tw_nobin;
     buf->b_p_wm = p_wm;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptWrapmargin);
     buf->b_p_wm_nopaste = p_wm_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_wm_nobin = p_wm_nobin;
     buf->b_p_bin = p_bin;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptBinary);
     buf->b_p_bomb = p_bomb;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptBomb);
     buf->b_p_et = p_et;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptExpandtab);
     buf->b_p_fixeol = p_fixeol;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptFixendofline);
     buf->b_p_et_nobin = p_et_nobin;
     buf->b_p_et_nopaste = p_et_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_ml = p_ml;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptModeline);
     buf->b_p_ml_nobin = p_ml_nobin;
     buf->b_p_inf = p_inf;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptInfercase);
     if (cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_NOSWAPFILE) {
       buf->b_p_swf = false;
     } else {
       buf->b_p_swf = p_swf;
       COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSwapfile);
     }
     buf->b_p_cpt = xstrdup(p_cpt);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptComplete);
     set_buflocal_cpt_callbacks(buf);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
     buf->b_p_csl = xstrdup(p_csl);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCompleteslash);
#endif
     buf->b_p_cfu = xstrdup(p_cfu);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCompletefunc);
     set_buflocal_cfu_callback(buf);
     buf->b_p_ofu = xstrdup(p_ofu);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptOmnifunc);
     set_buflocal_ofu_callback(buf);
     buf->b_p_tfu = xstrdup(p_tfu);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptTagfunc);
     set_buflocal_tfu_callback(buf);
     buf->b_p_sts = p_sts;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSofttabstop);
     buf->b_p_sts_nopaste = p_sts_nopaste;
     buf->b_p_vsts = xstrdup(p_vsts);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptVarsofttabstop);
     if (p_vsts && p_vsts != empty_string_option) {
       tabstop_set(p_vsts, &buf->b_p_vsts_array);
     } else {
       buf->b_p_vsts_array = NULL;
     }
     buf->b_p_vsts_nopaste = p_vsts_nopaste ? xstrdup(p_vsts_nopaste) : NULL;
     buf->b_p_com = xstrdup(p_com);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptComments);
     buf->b_p_cms = xstrdup(p_cms);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCommentstring);
     buf->b_p_fo = xstrdup(p_fo);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptFormatoptions);
     buf->b_p_flp = xstrdup(p_flp);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptFormatlistpat);
     buf->b_p_nf = xstrdup(p_nf);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptNrformats);
     buf->b_p_mps = xstrdup(p_mps);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptMatchpairs);
     buf->b_p_si = p_si;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSmartindent);
     buf->b_p_channel = 0;
     buf->b_p_ci = p_ci;

     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCopyindent);
     buf->b_p_cin = p_cin;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCindent);
     buf->b_p_cink = xstrdup(p_cink);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCinkeys);
     buf->b_p_cino = xstrdup(p_cino);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCinoptions);
     buf->b_p_cinsd = xstrdup(p_cinsd);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCinscopedecls);
     buf->b_p_lop = xstrdup(p_lop);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptLispoptions);

     // Don't copy 'filetype', it must be detected
     buf->b_p_ft = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_pi = p_pi;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptPreserveindent);
     buf->b_p_cinw = xstrdup(p_cinw);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptCinwords);
     buf->b_p_lisp = p_lisp;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptLisp);
     // Don't copy 'syntax', it must be set
     buf->b_p_syn = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_smc = p_smc;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSynmaxcol);
     buf->b_s.b_syn_isk = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_s.b_p_spc = xstrdup(p_spc);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSpellcapcheck);
     compile_cap_prog(&buf->b_s);
     buf->b_s.b_p_spf = xstrdup(p_spf);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSpellfile);
     buf->b_s.b_p_spl = xstrdup(p_spl);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSpelllang);
     buf->b_s.b_p_spo = xstrdup(p_spo);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSpelloptions);
     buf->b_s.b_p_spo_flags = spo_flags;
     buf->b_p_inde = xstrdup(p_inde);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptIndentexpr);
     buf->b_p_indk = xstrdup(p_indk);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptIndentkeys);
     buf->b_p_fp = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_fex = xstrdup(p_fex);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptFormatexpr);
     buf->b_p_sua = xstrdup(p_sua);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptSuffixesadd);
     buf->b_p_keymap = xstrdup(p_keymap);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptKeymap);
     buf->b_kmap_state |= KEYMAP_INIT;
     // This isn't really an option, but copying the langmap and IME
     // state from the current buffer is better than resetting it.
     buf->b_p_iminsert = p_iminsert;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptIminsert);
     buf->b_p_imsearch = p_imsearch;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptImsearch);

     // options that are normally global but also have a local value
     // are not copied, start using the global value
     buf->b_p_ac = -1;
     buf->b_p_ar = -1;
     buf->b_p_fs = -1;
     buf->b_p_ul = NO_LOCAL_UNDOLEVEL;
     buf->b_p_bkc = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_bkc_flags = 0;
     buf->b_p_gefm = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_gp = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_mp = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_efm = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_ep = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_ffu = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_kp = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_path = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_tags = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_tc = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_tc_flags = 0;
     buf->b_p_def = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_inc = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_inex = xstrdup(p_inex);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptIncludeexpr);
     buf->b_p_cot = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_cot_flags = 0;
     buf->b_p_dict = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_dia = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_tsr = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_tsrfu = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_qe = xstrdup(p_qe);
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptQuoteescape);
     buf->b_p_udf = p_udf;
     COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptUndofile);
     buf->b_p_lw = empty_string_option;
     buf->b_p_menc = empty_string_option;

     // Don't copy the options set by ex_help(), use the saved values,
     // when going from a help buffer to a non-help buffer.
     // Don't touch these at all when BCO_NOHELP is used and going from
     // or to a help buffer.
     if (dont_do_help) {
       buf->b_p_isk = save_p_isk;
       if (p_vts && *p_vts != NUL && !buf->b_p_vts_array) {
         tabstop_set(p_vts, &buf->b_p_vts_array);
       } else {
         buf->b_p_vts_array = NULL;
       }
     } else {
       buf->b_p_isk = xstrdup(p_isk);
       COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptIskeyword);
       did_isk = true;
       buf->b_p_ts = p_ts;
       COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptTabstop);
       buf->b_p_vts = xstrdup(p_vts);
       COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptVartabstop);
       if (p_vts && *p_vts != NUL && !buf->b_p_vts_array) {
         tabstop_set(p_vts, &buf->b_p_vts_array);
       } else {
         buf->b_p_vts_array = NULL;
       }
       buf->b_help = false;
       if (buf->b_p_bt[0] == 'h') {
         clear_string_option(&buf->b_p_bt);
       }
       buf->b_p_ma = p_ma;
       COPY_OPT_SCTX(buf, kBufOptModifiable);
     }
   }

   // When the options should be copied (ignoring BCO_ALWAYS), set the
   // flag that indicates that the options have been initialized.
   if (should_copy) {
     buf->b_p_initialized = true;
   }
 }

 check_buf_options(buf);           // make sure we don't have NULLs
 if (did_isk) {
   buf_init_chartab(buf, false);
 }
}

/// Reset the 'modifiable' option and its default value.
void reset_modifiable(void)
{
 curbuf->b_p_ma = false;
 p_ma = false;
 change_option_default(kOptModifiable, BOOLEAN_OPTVAL(false));
}

/// Set the global value for 'iminsert' to the local value.
void set_iminsert_global(buf_T *buf)
{
 p_iminsert = buf->b_p_iminsert;
}

/// Set the global value for 'imsearch' to the local value.
void set_imsearch_global(buf_T *buf)
{
 p_imsearch = buf->b_p_imsearch;
}

static OptIndex expand_option_idx = kOptInvalid;
static int expand_option_start_col = 0;
static char expand_option_name[5] = { 't', '_', NUL, NUL, NUL };
static int expand_option_flags = 0;
static bool expand_option_append = false;

/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
void set_context_in_set_cmd(expand_T *xp, char *arg, int opt_flags)
{
 expand_option_flags = opt_flags;

 xp->xp_context = EXPAND_SETTINGS;
 if (*arg == NUL) {
   xp->xp_pattern = arg;
   return;
 }
 char *const argend = arg + strlen(arg);
 char *p = argend - 1;
 if (*p == ' ' && *(p - 1) != '\\') {
   xp->xp_pattern = p + 1;
   return;
 }
 while (p > arg) {
   char *s = p;
   // count number of backslashes before ' ' or ','
   if (*p == ' ' || *p == ',') {
     while (s > arg && *(s - 1) == '\\') {
       s--;
     }
   }
   // break at a space with an even number of backslashes
   if (*p == ' ' && ((p - s) & 1) == 0) {
     p++;
     break;
   }
   p--;
 }
 if (strncmp(p, "no", 2) == 0) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_BOOL_SETTINGS;
   xp->xp_prefix = XP_PREFIX_NO;
   p += 2;
 } else if (strncmp(p, "inv", 3) == 0) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_BOOL_SETTINGS;
   xp->xp_prefix = XP_PREFIX_INV;
   p += 3;
 }
 xp->xp_pattern = p;
 arg = p;

 char nextchar;
 uint32_t flags = 0;
 OptIndex opt_idx = 0;
 bool is_term_option = false;

 if (*arg == '<') {
   while (*p != '>') {
     if (*p++ == NUL) {            // expand terminal option name
       return;
     }
   }
   int key = get_special_key_code(arg + 1);
   if (key == 0) {                 // unknown name
     xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
     return;
   }
   nextchar = *++p;
   is_term_option = true;
   expand_option_name[2] = (char)(uint8_t)KEY2TERMCAP0(key);
   expand_option_name[3] = (char)(uint8_t)KEY2TERMCAP1(key);
 } else {
   if (p[0] == 't' && p[1] == '_') {
     p += 2;
     if (*p != NUL) {
       p++;
     }
     if (*p == NUL) {
       return;                 // expand option name
     }
     nextchar = *++p;
     is_term_option = true;
     expand_option_name[2] = p[-2];
     expand_option_name[3] = p[-1];
   } else {
     // Allow * wildcard.
     while (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p) || *p == '_' || *p == '*') {
       p++;
     }
     if (*p == NUL) {
       return;
     }
     nextchar = *p;
     opt_idx = find_option_len(arg, (size_t)(p - arg));
     if (opt_idx == kOptInvalid || is_option_hidden(opt_idx)) {
       xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
       return;
     }
     flags = options[opt_idx].flags;
     if (option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean)) {
       xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
       return;
     }
   }
 }
 // handle "-=" and "+="
 expand_option_append = false;
 bool expand_option_subtract = false;
 if ((nextchar == '-' || nextchar == '+' || nextchar == '^') && p[1] == '=') {
   if (nextchar == '-') {
     expand_option_subtract = true;
   }
   if (nextchar == '+' || nextchar == '^') {
     expand_option_append = true;
   }
   p++;
   nextchar = '=';
 }
 if ((nextchar != '=' && nextchar != ':')
     || xp->xp_context == EXPAND_BOOL_SETTINGS) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_UNSUCCESSFUL;
   return;
 }

 // Below are for handling expanding a specific option's value after the '=' or ':'

 if (is_term_option) {
   expand_option_idx = kOptInvalid;
 } else {
   expand_option_idx = opt_idx;
 }

 xp->xp_pattern = p + 1;
 expand_option_start_col = (int)(p + 1 - xp->xp_line);

 // Certain options currently have special case handling to reuse the
 // expansion logic with other commands.
 if (options[opt_idx].var == &p_syn) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_OWNSYNTAX;
   return;
 }
 if (options[opt_idx].var == &p_ft) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILETYPE;
   return;
 }
 if (options[opt_idx].var == &p_keymap) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_KEYMAP;
   return;
 }

 // Now pick. If the option has a custom expander, use that. Otherwise, just
 // fill with the existing option value.
 if (expand_option_subtract) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_SETTING_SUBTRACT;
   return;
 } else if (expand_option_idx != kOptInvalid && options[expand_option_idx].opt_expand_cb != NULL) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_STRING_SETTING;
 } else if (*xp->xp_pattern == NUL) {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_OLD_SETTING;
   return;
 } else {
   xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
 }

 if (is_term_option || option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeNumber)) {
   return;
 }

 // Only string options below

 // Options that have kOptFlagExpand are considered to all use file/dir expansion.
 if (flags & kOptFlagExpand) {
   p = options[opt_idx].var;
   if (p == (char *)&p_bdir
       || p == (char *)&p_dir
       || p == (char *)&p_path
       || p == (char *)&p_pp
       || p == (char *)&p_rtp
       || p == (char *)&p_cdpath
       || p == (char *)&p_vdir) {
     xp->xp_context = EXPAND_DIRECTORIES;
     if (p == (char *)&p_path || p == (char *)&p_cdpath) {
       xp->xp_backslash = XP_BS_THREE;
     } else {
       xp->xp_backslash = XP_BS_ONE;
     }
   } else {
     xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
     // for 'tags' need three backslashes for a space
     if (p == (char *)&p_tags) {
       xp->xp_backslash = XP_BS_THREE;
     } else {
       xp->xp_backslash = XP_BS_ONE;
     }
   }
   if (flags & kOptFlagComma) {
     xp->xp_backslash |= XP_BS_COMMA;
   }
 }

 // For an option that is a list of file names, or comma/colon-separated
 // values, split it by the delimiter and find the start of the current
 // pattern, while accounting for backslash-escaped space/commas/colons.
 // Triple-backslashed escaped file names (e.g. 'path') can also be
 // delimited by space.
 if ((flags & kOptFlagExpand) || (flags & kOptFlagComma) || (flags & kOptFlagColon)) {
   for (p = argend - 1; p > xp->xp_pattern; p--) {
     // count number of backslashes before ' ' or ','
     if (*p == ' ' || *p == ',' || (*p == ':' && (flags & kOptFlagColon))) {
       char *s = p;
       while (s > xp->xp_pattern && *(s - 1) == '\\') {
         s--;
       }
       if ((*p == ' ' && ((xp->xp_backslash & XP_BS_THREE) && (p - s) < 3))
#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME)
           || (*p == ',' && (flags & kOptFlagComma) && (p - s) < 1)
#else
           || (*p == ',' && (flags & kOptFlagComma) && (p - s) < 2)
#endif
           || (*p == ':' && (flags & kOptFlagColon))) {
         xp->xp_pattern = p + 1;
         break;
       }
     }
   }
 }

 // An option that is a list of single-character flags should always start
 // at the end as we don't complete words.
 if (flags & kOptFlagFlagList) {
   xp->xp_pattern = argend;
 }

 // Some options can either be using file/dir expansions, or custom value
 // expansion depending on what the user typed. Unfortunately we have to
 // manually handle it here to make sure we have the correct xp_context set.
 // for 'spellsuggest' start at "file:"
 if (options[opt_idx].var == &p_sps) {
   if (strncmp(xp->xp_pattern, "file:", 5) == 0) {
     xp->xp_pattern += 5;
     return;
   } else if (options[expand_option_idx].opt_expand_cb != NULL) {
     xp->xp_context = EXPAND_STRING_SETTING;
   }
 }
}

/// Returns true if "str" either matches "regmatch" or fuzzy matches "pat".
///
/// If "test_only" is true and "fuzzy" is false and if "str" matches the regular
/// expression "regmatch", then returns true.  Otherwise returns false.
///
/// If "test_only" is false and "fuzzy" is false and if "str" matches the
/// regular expression "regmatch", then stores the match in matches[idx] and
/// returns true.
///
/// If "test_only" is true and "fuzzy" is true and if "str" fuzzy matches
/// "fuzzystr", then returns true. Otherwise returns false.
///
/// If "test_only" is false and "fuzzy" is true and if "str" fuzzy matches
/// "fuzzystr", then stores the match details in fuzmatch[idx] and returns true.
static bool match_str(char *const str, regmatch_T *const regmatch, char **const matches,
                     const int idx, const bool test_only, const bool fuzzy,
                     const char *const fuzzystr, fuzmatch_str_T *const fuzmatch)
{
 if (!fuzzy) {
   if (vim_regexec(regmatch, str, 0)) {
     if (!test_only) {
       matches[idx] = xstrdup(str);
     }
     return true;
   }
 } else {
   const int score = fuzzy_match_str(str, fuzzystr);
   if (score != FUZZY_SCORE_NONE) {
     if (!test_only) {
       fuzmatch[idx].idx = idx;
       fuzmatch[idx].str = xstrdup(str);
       fuzmatch[idx].score = score;
     }
     return true;
   }
 }
 return false;
}

int ExpandSettings(expand_T *xp, regmatch_T *regmatch, char *fuzzystr, int *numMatches,
                  char ***matches, const bool can_fuzzy)
{
 int num_normal = 0;  // Nr of matching non-term-code settings
 int count = 0;
 static char *(names[]) = { "all" };
 int ic = regmatch->rm_ic;  // remember the ignore-case flag

 fuzmatch_str_T *fuzmatch = NULL;
 const bool fuzzy = can_fuzzy && cmdline_fuzzy_complete(fuzzystr);

 // do this loop twice:
 // loop == 0: count the number of matching options
 // loop == 1: copy the matching options into allocated memory
 for (int loop = 0; loop <= 1; loop++) {
   regmatch->rm_ic = ic;
   if (xp->xp_context != EXPAND_BOOL_SETTINGS) {
     for (int match = 0; match < (int)ARRAY_SIZE(names);
          match++) {
       if (match_str(names[match], regmatch, *matches,
                     count, (loop == 0), fuzzy, fuzzystr, fuzmatch)) {
         if (loop == 0) {
           num_normal++;
         } else {
           count++;
         }
       }
     }
   }
   char *str;
   for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
     str = options[opt_idx].fullname;
     if (is_option_hidden(opt_idx)) {
       continue;
     }
     if (xp->xp_context == EXPAND_BOOL_SETTINGS
         && !(option_has_type(opt_idx, kOptValTypeBoolean))) {
       continue;
     }

     if (match_str(str, regmatch, *matches, count, (loop == 0),
                   fuzzy, fuzzystr, fuzmatch)) {
       if (loop == 0) {
         num_normal++;
       } else {
         count++;
       }
     } else if (!fuzzy && options[opt_idx].shortname != NULL
                && vim_regexec(regmatch, options[opt_idx].shortname, 0)) {
       // Compare against the abbreviated option name (for regular
       // expression match). Fuzzy matching (previous if) already
       // matches against both the expanded and abbreviated names.
       if (loop == 0) {
         num_normal++;
       } else {
         (*matches)[count++] = xstrdup(str);
       }
     }
   }

   if (loop == 0) {
     if (num_normal > 0) {
       *numMatches = num_normal;
     } else {
       return OK;
     }
     if (!fuzzy) {
       *matches = xmalloc((size_t)(*numMatches) * sizeof(char *));
     } else {
       fuzmatch = xmalloc((size_t)(*numMatches) * sizeof(fuzmatch_str_T));
     }
   }
 }

 if (fuzzy) {
   fuzzymatches_to_strmatches(fuzmatch, matches, count, false);
 }

 return OK;
}

/// Escape an option value that can be used on the command-line with :set.
/// Caller needs to free the returned string, unless NULL is returned.
static char *escape_option_str_cmdline(char *var)
{
 // A backslash is required before some characters.  This is the reverse of
 // what happens in do_set().
 char *buf = vim_strsave_escaped(var, escape_chars);

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
 // For MS-Windows et al. we don't double backslashes at the start and
 // before a file name character.
 // The reverse is found at stropt_copy_value().
 for (var = buf; *var != NUL; MB_PTR_ADV(var)) {
   if (var[0] == '\\' && var[1] == '\\'
       && expand_option_idx != kOptInvalid
       && (options[expand_option_idx].flags & kOptFlagExpand)
       && vim_isfilec((uint8_t)var[2])
       && (var[2] != '\\' || (var == buf && var[4] != '\\'))) {
     STRMOVE(var, var + 1);
   }
 }
#endif
 return buf;
}

/// Expansion handler for :set= when we just want to fill in with the existing value.
int ExpandOldSetting(int *numMatches, char ***matches)
{
 char *var = NULL;

 *numMatches = 0;
 *matches = xmalloc(sizeof(char *));

 // For a terminal key code expand_option_idx is kOptInvalid.
 if (expand_option_idx == kOptInvalid) {
   expand_option_idx = find_option(expand_option_name);
 }

 if (expand_option_idx != kOptInvalid) {
   // Put string of option value in NameBuff.
   option_value2string(&options[expand_option_idx], expand_option_flags);
   var = NameBuff;
 } else {
   var = "";
 }

 char *buf = escape_option_str_cmdline(var);

 (*matches)[0] = buf;
 *numMatches = 1;
 return OK;
}

/// Expansion handler for :set=/:set+= when the option has a custom expansion handler.
int ExpandStringSetting(expand_T *xp, regmatch_T *regmatch, int *numMatches, char ***matches)
{
 if (expand_option_idx == kOptInvalid || options[expand_option_idx].opt_expand_cb == NULL) {
   // Not supposed to reach this. This function is only for options with
   // custom expansion callbacks.
   return FAIL;
 }

 optexpand_T args = {
   .oe_varp = get_varp_scope(&options[expand_option_idx], expand_option_flags),
   .oe_idx = expand_option_idx,
   .oe_append = expand_option_append,
   .oe_regmatch = regmatch,
   .oe_xp = xp,
   .oe_set_arg = xp->xp_line + expand_option_start_col,
 };
 args.oe_include_orig_val = !expand_option_append && (*args.oe_set_arg == NUL);

 // Retrieve the existing value, but escape it as a reverse of setting it.
 // We technically only need to do this when oe_append or
 // oe_include_orig_val is true.
 option_value2string(&options[expand_option_idx], expand_option_flags);
 char *var = NameBuff;
 char *buf = escape_option_str_cmdline(var);
 args.oe_opt_value = buf;

 int num_ret = options[expand_option_idx].opt_expand_cb(&args, numMatches, matches);

 xfree(buf);
 return num_ret;
}

/// Expansion handler for :set-=
int ExpandSettingSubtract(expand_T *xp, regmatch_T *regmatch, int *numMatches, char ***matches)
{
 if (expand_option_idx == kOptInvalid) {
   // term option
   return ExpandOldSetting(numMatches, matches);
 }

 char *option_val = *(char **)get_option_varp_scope_from(expand_option_idx,
                                                         expand_option_flags,
                                                         curbuf, curwin);

 uint32_t option_flags = options[expand_option_idx].flags;

 if (option_has_type(expand_option_idx, kOptValTypeNumber)) {
   return ExpandOldSetting(numMatches, matches);
 } else if (option_flags & kOptFlagComma) {
   // Split the option by comma, then present each option to the user if
   // it matches the pattern.
   // This condition needs to go first, because 'whichwrap' has both
   // kOptFlagComma and kOptFlagFlagList.

   if (*option_val == NUL) {
     return FAIL;
   }

   // Make a copy as we need to inject null characters destructively.
   char *option_copy = xstrdup(option_val);
   char *next_val = option_copy;

   garray_T ga;
   ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char *), 10);

   do {
     char *item = next_val;
     char *comma = vim_strchr(next_val, ',');
     while (comma != NULL && comma != next_val && *(comma - 1) == '\\') {
       // "\," is interpreted as a literal comma rather than option
       // separator when reading options in copy_option_part(). Skip
       // it.
       comma = vim_strchr(comma + 1, ',');
     }
     if (comma != NULL) {
       *comma = NUL;  // null-terminate this value, required by later functions
       next_val = comma + 1;
     } else {
       next_val = NULL;
     }

     if (*item == NUL) {
       // empty value, don't add to list
       continue;
     }

     if (!vim_regexec(regmatch, item, 0)) {
       continue;
     }

     char *buf = escape_option_str_cmdline(item);
     GA_APPEND(char *, &ga, buf);
   } while (next_val != NULL);

   xfree(option_copy);

   *matches = ga.ga_data;
   *numMatches = ga.ga_len;
   return OK;
 } else if (option_flags & kOptFlagFlagList) {
   // Only present the flags that are set on the option as the other flags
   // are not meaningful to do set-= on.

   if (*xp->xp_pattern != NUL) {
     // Don't suggest anything if cmdline is non-empty. Vim's set-=
     // behavior requires consecutive strings and it's usually
     // unintuitive to users if they try to subtract multiple flags at
     // once.
     return FAIL;
   }

   size_t num_flags = strlen(option_val);
   if (num_flags == 0) {
     return FAIL;
   }

   *matches = xmalloc(sizeof(char *) * (num_flags + 1));

   int count = 0;

   (*matches)[count++] = xmemdupz(option_val, num_flags);

   if (num_flags > 1) {
     // If more than one flags, split the flags up and expose each
     // character as individual choice.
     for (char *flag = option_val; *flag != NUL; flag++) {
       (*matches)[count++] = xmemdupz(flag, 1);
     }
   }

   *numMatches = count;
   return OK;
 }

 return ExpandOldSetting(numMatches, matches);
}

/// Get the value for the numeric or string option///opp in a nice format into
/// NameBuff[].  Must not be called with a hidden option!
///
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
///
/// TODO(famiu): Replace this with optval_to_cstr() if possible.
static void option_value2string(vimoption_T *opt, int opt_flags)
{
 void *varp = get_varp_scope(opt, opt_flags);
 assert(varp != NULL);

 if (option_has_type(get_opt_idx(opt), kOptValTypeNumber)) {
   OptInt wc = 0;

   if (wc_use_keyname(varp, &wc)) {
     xstrlcpy(NameBuff, get_special_key_name((int)wc, 0), sizeof(NameBuff));
   } else if (wc != 0) {
     xstrlcpy(NameBuff, transchar((int)wc), sizeof(NameBuff));
   } else {
     snprintf(NameBuff,
              sizeof(NameBuff),
              "%" PRId64,
              (int64_t)(*(OptInt *)varp));
   }
 } else {  // string
   varp = *(char **)(varp);

   if (opt->flags & kOptFlagExpand) {
     home_replace(NULL, varp, NameBuff, MAXPATHL, false);
   } else {
     xstrlcpy(NameBuff, varp, MAXPATHL);
   }
 }
}

/// Return true if "varp" points to 'wildchar' or 'wildcharm' and it can be
/// printed as a keyname.
/// "*wcp" is set to the value of the option if it's 'wildchar' or 'wildcharm'.
static int wc_use_keyname(const void *varp, OptInt *wcp)
{
 if (((OptInt *)varp == &p_wc) || ((OptInt *)varp == &p_wcm)) {
   *wcp = *(OptInt *)varp;
   if (IS_SPECIAL(*wcp) || find_special_key_in_table((int)(*wcp)) >= 0) {
     return true;
   }
 }
 return false;
}

/// @returns true if "x" is present in 'shortmess' option, or
/// 'shortmess' contains 'a' and "x" is present in SHM_ALL_ABBREVIATIONS.
bool shortmess(int x)
{
 return (p_shm != NULL
         && (vim_strchr(p_shm, x) != NULL
             || (vim_strchr(p_shm, 'a') != NULL
                 && vim_strchr(SHM_ALL_ABBREVIATIONS, x) != NULL)));
}

/// vimrc_found() - Called when a vimrc or "VIMINIT" has been found.
///
/// Set the values for options that didn't get set yet to the defaults.
/// When "fname" is not NULL, use it to set $"envname" when it wasn't set yet.
void vimrc_found(char *fname, char *envname)
{
 if (fname != NULL && envname != NULL) {
   char *p = vim_getenv(envname);
   if (p == NULL) {
     // Set $MYVIMRC to the first vimrc file found.
     p = FullName_save(fname, false);
     if (p != NULL) {
       os_setenv(envname, p, 1);
       xfree(p);
     }
   } else {
     xfree(p);
   }
 }
}

/// Check whether global option has been set.
///
/// @param[in]  name  Option name.
///
/// @return True if option was set.
bool option_was_set(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 return options[opt_idx].flags & kOptFlagWasSet;
}

/// Reset the flag indicating option "name" was set.
///
/// @param[in]  name  Option name.
void reset_option_was_set(OptIndex opt_idx)
{
 assert(opt_idx != kOptInvalid);
 options[opt_idx].flags &= ~(unsigned)kOptFlagWasSet;
}

/// fill_culopt_flags() -- called when 'culopt' changes value
int fill_culopt_flags(char *val, win_T *wp)
{
 char *p;
 uint8_t culopt_flags_new = 0;

 if (val == NULL) {
   p = wp->w_p_culopt;
 } else {
   p = val;
 }
 while (*p != NUL) {
   // Note: Keep this in sync with opt_culopt_values.
   if (strncmp(p, "line", 4) == 0) {
     p += 4;
     culopt_flags_new |= kOptCuloptFlagLine;
   } else if (strncmp(p, "both", 4) == 0) {
     p += 4;
     culopt_flags_new |= kOptCuloptFlagLine | kOptCuloptFlagNumber;
   } else if (strncmp(p, "number", 6) == 0) {
     p += 6;
     culopt_flags_new |= kOptCuloptFlagNumber;
   } else if (strncmp(p, "screenline", 10) == 0) {
     p += 10;
     culopt_flags_new |= kOptCuloptFlagScreenline;
   }

   if (*p != ',' && *p != NUL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
   if (*p == ',') {
     p++;
   }
 }

 // Can't have both "line" and "screenline".
 if ((culopt_flags_new & kOptCuloptFlagLine) && (culopt_flags_new & kOptCuloptFlagScreenline)) {
   return FAIL;
 }
 wp->w_p_culopt_flags = culopt_flags_new;

 return OK;
}

/// Get the value of 'magic' taking "magic_overruled" into account.
bool magic_isset(void)
{
 switch (magic_overruled) {
 case OPTION_MAGIC_ON:
   return true;
 case OPTION_MAGIC_OFF:
   return false;
 case OPTION_MAGIC_NOT_SET:
   break;
 }
 return p_magic;
}

/// Set the callback function value for an option that accepts a function name,
/// lambda, et al. (e.g. 'operatorfunc', 'tagfunc', etc.)
/// @return  OK if the option is successfully set to a function, otherwise FAIL
int option_set_callback_func(char *optval, Callback *optcb)
{
 if (optval == NULL || *optval == NUL) {
   callback_free(optcb);
   return OK;
 }

 typval_T *tv;
 if (*optval == '{'
     || (strncmp(optval, "function(", 9) == 0)
     || (strncmp(optval, "funcref(", 8) == 0)) {
   // Lambda expression or a funcref
   tv = eval_expr(optval, NULL);
   if (tv == NULL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 } else {
   // treat everything else as a function name string
   tv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*tv));
   tv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   tv->vval.v_string = xstrdup(optval);
 }

 Callback cb;
 if (!callback_from_typval(&cb, tv) || cb.type == kCallbackNone) {
   tv_free(tv);
   return FAIL;
 }

 callback_free(optcb);
 *optcb = cb;
 tv_free(tv);
 return OK;
}

static void didset_options_sctx(int opt_flags, int *buf)
{
 for (int i = 0;; i++) {
   if (buf[i] == kOptInvalid) {
     break;
   }

   set_option_sctx(buf[i], opt_flags, current_sctx);
 }
}

/// Check if backspacing over something is allowed.
/// @param  what  BS_INDENT, BS_EOL, BS_START, or BS_NOSTOP
bool can_bs(int what)
{
 if (what == BS_START && bt_prompt(curbuf)) {
   return false;
 }

 // support for number values was removed but we keep '2' since it is used in
 // legacy tests
 if (*p_bs == '2') {
   return what != BS_NOSTOP;
 }

 return vim_strchr(p_bs, what) != NULL;
}

/// Get the local or global value of 'backupcopy' flags.
///
/// @param buf The buffer.
unsigned get_bkc_flags(buf_T *buf)
{
 return buf->b_bkc_flags ? buf->b_bkc_flags : bkc_flags;
}

/// Get the local or global value of 'formatlistpat'.
///
/// @param buf The buffer.
char *get_flp_value(buf_T *buf)
{
 if (buf->b_p_flp == NULL || *buf->b_p_flp == NUL) {
   return p_flp;
 }
 return buf->b_p_flp;
}

/// Get the local or global value of 'virtualedit' flags.
unsigned get_ve_flags(win_T *wp)
{
 return (wp->w_ve_flags ? wp->w_ve_flags : ve_flags)
        & ~(unsigned)(kOptVeFlagNone | kOptVeFlagNoneU);
}

/// Get the local or global value of 'showbreak'.
///
/// @param win  If not NULL, the window to get the local option from; global
///             otherwise.
char *get_showbreak_value(win_T *const win)
 FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
{
 if (win->w_p_sbr == NULL || *win->w_p_sbr == NUL) {
   return p_sbr;
 }
 if (strcmp(win->w_p_sbr, "NONE") == 0) {
   return empty_string_option;
 }
 return win->w_p_sbr;
}

/// Return the current end-of-line type: EOL_DOS, EOL_UNIX or EOL_MAC.
int get_fileformat(const buf_T *buf)
 FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
{
 int c = (unsigned char)(*buf->b_p_ff);

 if (buf->b_p_bin || c == 'u') {
   return EOL_UNIX;
 }
 if (c == 'm') {
   return EOL_MAC;
 }
 return EOL_DOS;
}

/// Like get_fileformat(), but override 'fileformat' with "p" for "++opt=val"
/// argument.
///
/// @param eap  can be NULL!
int get_fileformat_force(const buf_T *buf, const exarg_T *eap)
 FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
{
 int c;

 if (eap != NULL && eap->force_ff != 0) {
   c = eap->force_ff;
 } else {
   if ((eap != NULL && eap->force_bin != 0)
       ? (eap->force_bin == FORCE_BIN) : buf->b_p_bin) {
     return EOL_UNIX;
   }
   c = (unsigned char)(*buf->b_p_ff);
 }
 if (c == 'u') {
   return EOL_UNIX;
 }
 if (c == 'm') {
   return EOL_MAC;
 }
 return EOL_DOS;
}

/// Return the default fileformat from 'fileformats'.
int default_fileformat(void)
{
 switch (*p_ffs) {
 case 'm':
   return EOL_MAC;
 case 'd':
   return EOL_DOS;
 }
 return EOL_UNIX;
}

/// Set the current end-of-line type to EOL_UNIX, EOL_MAC, or EOL_DOS.
///
/// Sets 'fileformat'.
///
/// @param eol_style End-of-line style.
/// @param  opt_flags  Option flags (can be OPT_LOCAL, OPT_GLOBAL or a combination).
void set_fileformat(int eol_style, int opt_flags)
{
 char *p = NULL;

 switch (eol_style) {
 case EOL_UNIX:
   p = "unix";
   break;
 case EOL_MAC:
   p = "mac";
   break;
 case EOL_DOS:
   p = "dos";
   break;
 }

 // p is NULL if "eol_style" is EOL_UNKNOWN.
 if (p != NULL) {
   set_option_direct(kOptFileformat, CSTR_AS_OPTVAL(p), opt_flags, 0);
 }

 // This may cause the buffer to become (un)modified.
 redraw_buf_status_later(curbuf);
 redraw_tabline = true;
 need_maketitle = true;  // Set window title later.
}

/// Skip to next part of an option argument: skip space and comma
char *skip_to_option_part(const char *p)
{
 if (*p == ',') {
   p++;
 }
 while (*p == ' ') {
   p++;
 }
 return (char *)p;
}

/// Isolate one part of a string option separated by `sep_chars`.
///
/// @param[in,out]  option    advanced to the next part
/// @param[in,out]  buf       copy of the isolated part
/// @param[in]      maxlen    length of `buf`
/// @param[in]      sep_chars chars that separate the option parts
///
/// @return length of `*option`
size_t copy_option_part(char **option, char *buf, size_t maxlen, char *sep_chars)
{
 size_t len = 0;
 char *p = *option;

 // skip '.' at start of option part, for 'suffixes'
 if (*p == '.') {
   buf[len++] = *p++;
 }
 while (*p != NUL && vim_strchr(sep_chars, (uint8_t)(*p)) == NULL) {
   // Skip backslash before a separator character and space.
   if (p[0] == '\\' && vim_strchr(sep_chars, (uint8_t)p[1]) != NULL) {
     p++;
   }
   if (len < maxlen - 1) {
     buf[len++] = *p;
   }
   p++;
 }
 buf[len] = NUL;

 if (*p != NUL && *p != ',') {  // skip non-standard separator
   p++;
 }
 p = skip_to_option_part(p);    // p points to next file name

 *option = p;
 return len;
}

/// Return true when 'shell' has "csh" in the tail.
int csh_like_shell(void)
{
 return strstr(path_tail(p_sh), "csh") != NULL;
}

/// Return true when 'shell' has "fish" in the tail.
bool fish_like_shell(void)
{
 return strstr(path_tail(p_sh), "fish") != NULL;
}

/// Get window or buffer local options
dict_T *get_winbuf_options(const int bufopt)
 FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
{
 dict_T *const d = tv_dict_alloc();

 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   vimoption_T *opt = &options[opt_idx];

   if ((bufopt && (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)))
       || (!bufopt && (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)))) {
     void *varp = get_varp(opt);

     if (varp != NULL) {
       typval_T opt_tv = optval_as_tv(optval_from_varp(opt_idx, varp), true);
       tv_dict_add_tv(d, opt->fullname, strlen(opt->fullname), &opt_tv);
     }
   }
 }

 return d;
}

/// Return the effective 'scrolloff' value for the current window, using the
/// global value when appropriate.
int get_scrolloff_value(win_T *wp)
{
 // Disallow scrolloff in terminal-mode. #11915
 // Still allow 'scrolloff' for non-terminal buffers. #34447
 if ((State & MODE_TERMINAL) && wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
   return 0;
 }
 return (int)(wp->w_p_so < 0 ? p_so : wp->w_p_so);
}

/// Return the effective 'sidescrolloff' value for the current window, using the
/// global value when appropriate.
int get_sidescrolloff_value(win_T *wp)
{
 return (int)(wp->w_p_siso < 0 ? p_siso : wp->w_p_siso);
}

Dict get_vimoption(String name, int opt_flags, buf_T *buf, win_T *win, Arena *arena, Error *err)
{
 OptIndex opt_idx = find_option_len(name.data, name.size);
 VALIDATE_S(opt_idx != kOptInvalid, "option (not found)", name.data, {
   return (Dict)ARRAY_DICT_INIT;
 });

 return vimoption2dict(&options[opt_idx], opt_flags, buf, win, arena);
}

Dict get_all_vimoptions(Arena *arena)
{
 Dict retval = arena_dict(arena, kOptCount);
 for (OptIndex opt_idx = 0; opt_idx < kOptCount; opt_idx++) {
   Dict opt_dict = vimoption2dict(&options[opt_idx], OPT_GLOBAL, curbuf, curwin, arena);
   PUT_C(retval, options[opt_idx].fullname, DICT_OBJ(opt_dict));
 }
 return retval;
}

static Dict vimoption2dict(vimoption_T *opt, int opt_flags, buf_T *buf, win_T *win, Arena *arena)
{
 OptIndex opt_idx = get_opt_idx(opt);
 Dict dict = arena_dict(arena, 13);

 PUT_C(dict, "name", CSTR_AS_OBJ(opt->fullname));
 PUT_C(dict, "shortname", CSTR_AS_OBJ(opt->shortname));

 const char *scope;
 if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)) {
   scope = "buf";
 } else if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)) {
   scope = "win";
 } else {
   scope = "global";
 }

 PUT_C(dict, "scope", CSTR_AS_OBJ(scope));

 // welcome to the jungle
 PUT_C(dict, "global_local", BOOLEAN_OBJ(option_is_global_local(opt_idx)));
 PUT_C(dict, "commalist", BOOLEAN_OBJ(opt->flags & kOptFlagComma));
 PUT_C(dict, "flaglist", BOOLEAN_OBJ(opt->flags & kOptFlagFlagList));

 PUT_C(dict, "was_set", BOOLEAN_OBJ(opt->flags & kOptFlagWasSet));

 sctx_T script_ctx = { .sc_sid = 0 };
 if (opt_flags == OPT_GLOBAL) {
   script_ctx = opt->script_ctx;
 } else {
   // Scope is either OPT_LOCAL or a fallback mode was requested.
   if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeBuf)) {
     script_ctx = buf->b_p_script_ctx[opt->scope_idx[kOptScopeBuf]];
   }
   if (option_has_scope(opt_idx, kOptScopeWin)) {
     script_ctx = win->w_p_script_ctx[opt->scope_idx[kOptScopeWin]];
   }
   if (opt_flags != OPT_LOCAL && script_ctx.sc_sid == 0) {
     script_ctx = opt->script_ctx;
   }
 }

 PUT_C(dict, "last_set_sid", INTEGER_OBJ(script_ctx.sc_sid));
 PUT_C(dict, "last_set_linenr", INTEGER_OBJ(script_ctx.sc_lnum));
 PUT_C(dict, "last_set_chan", INTEGER_OBJ((int64_t)script_ctx.sc_chan));

 PUT_C(dict, "type", CSTR_AS_OBJ(optval_type_get_name(option_get_type(get_opt_idx(opt)))));
 PUT_C(dict, "default", optval_as_object(opt->def_val));
 PUT_C(dict, "allows_duplicates", BOOLEAN_OBJ(!(opt->flags & kOptFlagNoDup)));

 return dict;
}